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Early-life antibiotics and childhood allergy: a multi-center cohort

Moath Hattab1, Yaman Abu Sarrees2, Mahmoud Sous2

  • 1Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Medical Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine. MoathJHattab@Gmail.com.

Allergy, Asthma, and Clinical Immunology : Official Journal of the Canadian Society of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
|February 3, 2026
PubMed

Insights

Antibiotic use in early life impacts children

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Allergy and Immunology
  • Microbiome Research
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Infant antibiotic exposure is linked to gut microbiota alterations, potentially increasing allergy risk.
  • Understanding the relationship between early-life antibiotics and allergic disease prevalence is crucial for pediatric health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the prevalence of allergic diseases in children exposed to different antibiotic classes during infancy.
  • To investigate potential associations between early-life antibiotic use and the development of allergies.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective cohort study of 423 children in Palestine who received antibiotics within the first six months of life.
  • Data collection involved reviewing medical records and conducting parent interviews regarding allergy development.
  • Analysis focused on allergy prevalence, common allergic manifestations, and associations with antibiotic type and number.

Main Results:

  • Overall allergy prevalence was 29.55%, with skin reactions being the most common manifestation.
  • No significant association was found between the number of antibiotics used and allergy development.
  • A potential protective effect against allergies was suggested for Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX).

Conclusions:

  • Approximately one-third of children treated with antibiotics in early life develop allergic conditions.
  • Allergic conditions tended to decrease with age, but most antibiotic classes showed no significant link to allergy development.
  • A hypothesis-generating signal suggests Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole may be associated with lower allergy odds.
Abstract

Keywords:
Allergy and immunologyAnti-bacterial agentCohort studiesInfantMicrobiota

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