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Related Concept Videos

Confirmation Biases01:31

Confirmation Biases

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The confirmation bias is the tendency to focus on information that confirms our existing beliefs and ignore information that is inconsistent with our expectations. For example, if you think that your professor is not very nice, you notice all of the instances of rude behavior exhibited by the professor while ignoring the countless pleasant interactions he is involved in on a daily basis. Have you ever fallen prey to the confirmation bias, either as the source or target of such bias?
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Hindsight Biases01:12

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Hindsight bias leads you to believe that the event you just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn’t. In other words, you knew all along that things would turn out the way they did. Can you relate this to the phrase "Hindsight is 20/20" now? 
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Biopharmaceutical studies constitute a vital field aiming to enhance drug delivery methods and refine therapeutic approaches, drawing upon diverse interdisciplinary knowledge. In research methodologies, the choice between controlled and non-controlled studies significantly influences the study's reliability and accuracy.
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Bias01:22

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Bias refers to any tendency that prevents a question from being considered unprejudiced. In research, bias occurs when one outcome or answer is selected or encouraged over others in sampling or testing. Bias can occur during any research phase, including study design, data collection, analysis, and publication.
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Histone Modification02:32

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The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
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Approach Bias Modification as an Add-On to Smoking Cessation Treatment: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Charlotte E Wittekind1, Keisuke Takano1,2, Franziska Motka1

  • 1Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology, and Psychotherapy, LMU Munich, Munich.

The American Journal of Psychiatry
|February 4, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Approach bias modification (ApBM) did not improve smoking cessation rates when added to standard treatment. This study found no significant difference in prolonged abstinence between ApBM, sham training, or standard treatment alone.

Keywords:
NicotineSubstance-Related and Addictive Disorders

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Area of Science:

  • Behavioral Science
  • Clinical Psychology
  • Addiction Medicine

Background:

  • Smoking is linked to an approach bias towards smoking cues.
  • Approach bias modification (ApBM) shows promise for alcohol use disorder but its effectiveness in smoking cessation is unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate if ApBM as an adjunct to smoking cessation treatment increases 6-month prolonged abstinence rates compared to control groups.

Main Methods:

  • A randomized, controlled, double-blind trial with 351 participants receiving standard smoking cessation treatment (TAU).
  • Participants were randomized to TAU + ApBM, TAU + sham training, or TAU alone for 7 days.
  • Primary outcome was prolonged abstinence at 6 months, defined by continuous abstinence and low carbon monoxide levels.

Main Results:

  • Six-month abstinence rates were 19.3% for TAU+ApBM, 17.4% for TAU+sham, and 16.2% for TAU only.
  • No statistically significant differences in abstinence rates were observed between the three groups.

Conclusions:

  • ApBM as an add-on to smoking cessation treatment is not superior to sham training or standard treatment alone.
  • Findings suggest ApBM's positive effects in alcohol use disorder do not extend to tobacco use disorder.