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The anterior neck muscles are the group of muscles covering the front part of the neck. These muscles are classified into three subgroups. The first one is the superficial muscles, the most visible muscles in the front of the neck. It includes the platysma and sternocleidomastoid. The second group is the suprahyoid muscles, located above the hyoid bone. This group comprises the digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid, and stylohyoid. Lastly, the infrahyoid muscles are found below the hyoid bone and...
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The human body's intricate network of arteries ensures that every organ system receives the necessary oxygen and nutrients for optimal function. The arterial network in the head and neck region is particularly complex, providing vital blood flow to the brain, eyes, and other critical structures. Prominent arteries in this region include the internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries.
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The blood drainage from the head and neck is primarily managed by three pairs of veins: the external jugular, internal jugular, and vertebral veins. The external jugular veins drain superficial scalp and face structures, passing over the sternocleidomastoid muscles to empty into the subclavian veins.
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Treatment for a fracture is based on the type of break, the bone affected, and the patient's age.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 5, 2026

Orthopedic Robot-Assisted Femoral Neck System in the Treatment of Femoral Neck Fracture
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Femoral Neck Fracture With Anterior Tilt.

Yu-Kai Wang1, Ming-Yong Chen2, Yi Zhu1

  • 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.

Orthopaedic Surgery
|February 4, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Anterior tilt femoral neck fractures are uncommon but can lead to poor outcomes. Anterior tilt combined with varus alignment significantly increases the risk of femoral head necrosis, requiring specific treatment.

Keywords:
anterior tiltcomplicationsfemoral head necrosisfemoral neck fracturefixation failurenonunion

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Traumatology
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Posteriorly tilted femoral neck fractures are well-documented, but anteriorly tilted fractures are underreported.
  • Understanding the characteristics and outcomes of anterior tilt femoral neck fractures is crucial for effective management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the clinical features, radiographic patterns, and postoperative outcomes of anterior tilt femoral neck fractures.
  • To identify risk factors associated with adverse outcomes, such as femoral head necrosis.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective cohort study of adult patients with OTA/AO type 31B femoral neck fractures.
  • Internal fixation within 36 hours, with a minimum follow-up of 24 months.
  • Assessment of tilt angle using preoperative radiographs and CT, with statistical analysis of fracture characteristics and outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Anterior tilt fractures were more prevalent in females and associated with valgus malalignment.
  • Displaced fractures significantly increased the risk of femoral head necrosis (aOR=4.16).
  • The "anterior-flexion/adduction" subtype (anterior tilt with varus malalignment) showed a significantly higher risk of femoral head necrosis (aOR=7.19).

Conclusions:

  • Anterior tilt alone is not a primary prognostic risk factor.
  • Anterior tilt combined with varus alignment identifies a high-risk subtype requiring meticulous preoperative planning.
  • Further prospective studies are recommended to validate these findings.