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Updated: Feb 5, 2026

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Process-Dependent Performance of FAMAPbI3 Perovskite Solar Cells Fabricated by One-Step and Two-Step Methods.

Shanmuganathan Venkatesan1, Chun-Pao Chuang1, Hsisheng Teng1,2

  • 1Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.

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|February 4, 2026
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The two-step fabrication method for formamidinium-methylammonium lead iodide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) under ambient air yields superior performance and stability compared to the one-step glovebox method, highlighting its potential for efficient solar energy.

Keywords:
FAMAPbI3high efficiencylong‐term stabilityone‐step and two‐step methodsperovskite solar cells

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Renewable Energy
  • Photovoltaics

Background:

  • Formamidinium-methylammonium lead iodide (FAMAPbI3) perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are promising for next-generation photovoltaics.
  • Optimizing fabrication processes is crucial for enhancing PSC performance and stability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the performance and stability of PSCs fabricated using one-step (glovebox) and two-step (ambient air) methods.
  • To identify key factors influencing the efficiency and durability of FAMAPbI3 PSCs.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of FAMAPbI3 PSCs via optimized one-step and two-step processes.
  • Characterization using optical and electrical analyses (PL, TRPL, dark current, SCLC).
  • Stability testing under continuous illumination for 500 hours.

Main Results:

  • Two-step films exhibited larger grains, better crystallinity, and lower trap densities, leading to enhanced light absorption and charge transport.
  • One-step films showed smaller grains, higher defects, and moisture sensitivity, promoting recombination.
  • Two-step PSCs achieved higher efficiency (21.34%) and better long-term stability (83% retained efficiency) than one-step devices (18.90%).

Conclusions:

  • The ambient-air two-step fabrication route is effective for producing high-quality FAMAPbI3 films.
  • Process-structure-property relationships are critical for scalable, high-efficiency PSC development.
  • The two-step method offers a viable pathway for stable and efficient perovskite solar cells.