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Updated: Feb 5, 2026

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Respiratory Synchrony and Individual Differences Causally Influence Dyadic Interpersonal Coordination.

Wenbo Yi1,2, Caroline Palmer1,2

  • 1Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.

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|February 4, 2026
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Summary

Human synchronization in music involves behavioral and physiological coordination. Respiratory synchrony directionally influences behavioral synchrony, with individual differences playing a key role.

Keywords:
auditory‐motor synchronizationcardiac synchronizationentrainmentindividual differencesinterpersonal coordinationrespiratory synchronization

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Social Psychology
  • Human Motor Control

Background:

  • Human interpersonal coordination exhibits synchronization across behavioral (auditory-motor) and physiological (respiratory, cardiac) levels.
  • The causal links between these synchronization levels during complex tasks remain unclear.
  • Music performance offers a model for studying fine temporal coordination in dyads.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the causal relationship between respiratory and behavioral synchrony in dyadic music performance.
  • To explore the influence of auditory-motor synchrony on physiological and behavioral coordination.
  • To examine the role of individual differences in interpersonal synchronization.

Main Methods:

  • Dyadic synchronization at behavioral (tone onsets) and physiological (respiratory, cardiac) levels was examined during music performance.
  • Perturbations were applied to auditory-motor synchrony and respiration during joint melody perception and production.
  • Individual differences in spontaneous production rates and resting heart rates were assessed.

Main Results:

  • Respiratory perturbations impaired both dyadic respiratory and behavioral synchrony.
  • Auditory-motor perturbations disrupted only dyadic behavioral synchrony, indicating a directional influence from respiration to behavior.
  • Partners with similar spontaneous rates or resting heart rates showed enhanced behavioral or cardiac synchrony, respectively.

Conclusions:

  • Respiratory synchrony causally influences behavioral synchrony in dyadic music performance, demonstrating directional entrainment.
  • Individual differences significantly modulate interpersonal synchronization at behavioral and physiological levels.
  • Findings elucidate the interplay between physiological and behavioral coordination in human social interaction.