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Temporal Trends in Pregnancy Outcomes Among Parents With Type 1 Diabetes: A Nationwide Register-Based Study
Tina Wullum Gundersen1, Sine Knorr2, Lene Ringholm3,4
1Steno Diabetes Center Zealand, Zealand University Hospital, Nykoebing Falster, Denmark.
BJOG : an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
|February 4, 2026
Summary
Pregnancies with maternal type 1 diabetes still have significantly higher risks for adverse outcomes, despite improvements over 25 years. Paternal type 1 diabetes showed no increased risks compared to the general population.
Area of Science:
- Reproductive medicine and endocrinology.
- Perinatal epidemiology.
- Public health.
Background:
- Type 1 diabetes in parents can impact pregnancy outcomes.
- Understanding temporal trends is crucial for improving care.
Purpose of the Study:
- To examine changes in pregnancy outcomes for mothers and fathers with type 1 diabetes over 25 years.
- To compare these outcomes against the general population.
Main Methods:
- A Danish register-based study analyzed 1,551,893 pregnancies from 1997-2021.
- Logistic regression models assessed outcomes like hypertensive disorders, caesarean delivery, preterm birth, and large for gestational age (LGA).
Main Results:
- Maternal type 1 diabetes pregnancies showed decreasing odds of preterm delivery and extreme LGA over time, but risks remained substantially elevated.
- Paternal type 1 diabetes pregnancies had outcomes comparable to the general population.
- Prevalence of both maternal and paternal diabetes increased during the study period.
Conclusions:
- Despite improvements, maternal type 1 diabetes significantly increases adverse pregnancy risks.
- Effective maternal diabetes management appears more critical than parental genetic factors for pregnancy outcomes.
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