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Prediction Intervals

Prediction Intervals

The interval estimate of any variable is known as the prediction interval. It helps decide if a point estimate is dependable.
However, the point estimate is most likely not the exact value of the population parameter, but close to it. After calculating point estimates, we construct interval estimates, called confidence intervals or prediction intervals. This prediction interval comprises a range of values unlike the point estimate and is a better predictor of the observed sample value, y.

Structural Joints: Synovial Joints

Structural Joints: Synovial Joints

Synovial joints are the most common type of joint in the body. A key structural characteristic for a synovial joint is the presence of a joint cavity. This fluid-filled space is where the articulating surfaces of the bones contact each other. Also, unlike fibrous or cartilaginous joints, the articulating bone surfaces at a synovial joint are not directly connected to each other with fibrous connective tissue or cartilage. This gives the bones of a synovial joint the ability to move smoothly...

Structural Joints: Fibrous Joints

Structural Joints: Fibrous Joints

Fibrous joints are a type of joint where the bones are connected by fibrous connective tissue. These joints provide stability and minimal to no movement between the articulating bones. There are three types of fibrous joints.
Suture
All the bones of the skull, except for the mandible, are joined to each other by a fibrous joint called a suture. The fibrous connective tissue found at a suture strongly unites the adjacent skull bones and thus helps to protect the brain and form the face. In...

Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints

Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints

As the name indicates, at a cartilaginous joint, the adjacent bones are united by cartilage, a tough but flexible type of connective tissue. Unlike synovial joints, these types of joints lack a joint cavity and involve bones joined together by either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.
There are two types of cartilaginous joints:
Synchondrosis
A synchondrosis ("joined by cartilage") is a cartilaginous joint where bones are connected by hyaline cartilage. Synchondrosis may be temporary...

Joints

Joints

Joints, also called articulations or articular surfaces, are points at which ligaments or other tissues connect adjacent bones. Joints permit movement and stability, and can be classified based on their structure or function.
Structural joint classifications are based on the material that makes up the joint as well as whether or not the joint contains a space between the bones. Joints are structurally classified as fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial.
Fibrous Joints Are Immovable
The bones of a...

Confidence Intervals

Confidence Intervals

An unbiased point estimate is often insufficient to predict a population estimate, such as population mean or population proportion. In this scenario, a confidence interval is used. A confidence interval is an estimate similar to a sample proportion. However, unlike the point estimate which is a single value, the confidence interval contains a range of values. These values have lower and upper limits, known as confidence limits, and can be designated as L1 and L2, respectively.
A...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 5, 2026

In situ Compressive Loading and Correlative Noninvasive Imaging of the Bone-periodontal Ligament-tooth Fibrous Joint

In situ Compressive Loading and Correlative Noninvasive Imaging of the Bone-periodontal Ligament-tooth Fibrous Joint

Published on: March 7, 2014

The Effect of Scapholunate Interval and Angle on Radiocarpal Joint Loading.

Thomas France¹, Songyuan Gu¹, Winthrop Lockwood¹

¹University of Colorado, Aurora, USA.

Hand (New York, N.Y.)

|February 4, 2026

Summary

An increased scapholunate (SL) angle significantly alters wrist joint loading more than an increased SL interval, potentially leading to carpal arthrosis. This finding is crucial for understanding wrist instability progression.

Keywords:

anatomy arthritis basic science biomechanics diagnosis fracture/dislocation post traumatic radiocarpal scaphoid wrist

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Published on: March 7, 2014

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Area of Science:

Orthopedic Surgery
Biomechanics
Hand and Wrist Anatomy

Background:

Scapholunate ligament injury causes carpal instability, characterized by increased scapholunate (SL) interval and/or angle.
Chronic instability leads to abnormal joint loading and is expected to cause radiocarpal arthrosis.

Purpose of the Study:

To quantify the impact of increased SL interval and angle on wrist joint loading properties.
To compare the effects of isolated SL interval increase versus isolated SL angle increase on joint loading.

Main Methods:

Utilized 13 cadaveric wrist specimens.
Measured radioscaphoid (RS) and radiolunate (RL) contact area and pressure under four conditions: normal, increased SL interval only, increased SL angle only, and both increased interval and angle.

Main Results:

Increased SL interval and angle significantly altered RS and RL contact areas and pressures compared to normal conditions.
An increased SL angle, compared to an increased SL interval, resulted in greater alterations in RS and RL joint loading.

Conclusions:

Changes in SL interval and angle affect radiocarpal joint loading properties.
An increased SL angle has a more pronounced effect on radiocarpal joint loading than an increased SL interval.
Increased SL angle is likely a more significant factor in the development of carpal arthrosis.