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Related Concept Videos

Ions as Acids and Bases02:54

Ions as Acids and Bases

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Salts with Acidic Ions
Salts are ionic compounds composed of cations and anions, either of which may be capable of undergoing an acid or base ionization reaction with water. Aqueous salt solutions, therefore, may be acidic, basic, or neutral, depending on the relative acid-base strengths of the salt’s constituent ions. For example, dissolving the ammonium chloride in water results in its dissociation, as described by the equation:
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Lewis Acids and Bases02:33

Lewis Acids and Bases

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In 1923, G. N. Lewis proposed a generalized definition of acid-base behavior in which acids and bases are identified by their ability to accept or to donate a pair of electrons and form a coordinate covalent bond.
A coordinate covalent bond (or dative bond) occurs when one of the atoms in the bond provides both bonding electrons. For example, a coordinate covalent bond occurs when a water molecule combines with a hydrogen ion to form a hydronium ion. A coordinate covalent bond also results when...
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Bicarbonate-Carbonic Acid Buffer01:22

Bicarbonate-Carbonic Acid Buffer

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The carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system is critical for maintaining the body's pH balance. It operates on the equilibrium:
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Acids, Bases and Neutralization Reactions03:26

Acids, Bases and Neutralization Reactions

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An acid-base reaction is one in which a hydrogen ion, H+, is transferred from one chemical species to another. Such reactions are of central importance to numerous natural and technological processes, ranging from the chemical transformations within cells or lakes and oceans to the industrial-scale production of fertilizers, pharmaceuticals, and other substances essential to the society.
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Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases02:58

Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases

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The acid-base reaction class has been studied for quite some time. In 1680, Robert Boyle reported traits of acid solutions that included their ability to dissolve many substances, to change the colors of certain natural dyes, and to lose these traits after coming in contact with alkali (base) solutions. In the eighteenth century, it was recognized that acids have a sour taste, react with limestone to liberate a gaseous substance (now known to be CO2), and interact with alkalis to form neutral...
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Acid-Base Titration Curves02:23

Acid-Base Titration Curves

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A titration curve is a plot of some solution property versus the amount of added titrant. For acid-base titrations, solution pH is a useful property to monitor because it varies predictably with the solution composition and, therefore, may be used to monitor the titration’s progress and detect its endpoint. Acid-base titration can be performed with a strong acid and a strong base, a strong acid and a weak base, or a strong base and a weak acid.
For a titration carried out for 25.00 mL of...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 5, 2026

Hyaluronic-Acid Based Hydrogels for 3-Dimensional Culture of Patient-Derived Glioblastoma Cells
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Injectable hyaluronic acid-based hydrogels with carbon dots and an iron complex for embolization.

Minyoung Jin1,2, Sanghee Lee3,4, Yuhyeon Na5,6

  • 1Department of BioMedical-Chemical Engineering, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, Republic of Korea. kna6997@catholic.ac.kr.

Materials Horizons
|February 4, 2026
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Summary

A novel injectable hydrogel system loaded with an iron-carbon dot complex offers a promising, minimally invasive treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This multifunctional platform integrates imaging, oxidative therapy, and embolic functions for enhanced HCC treatment.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) is a standard treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
  • Current TACE methods face limitations including poor vascular infiltration, inconsistent embolization, and limited therapeutic synergy.
  • There is a need for advanced therapeutic strategies to improve HCC treatment outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a multifunctional injectable hydrogel system for enhanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treatment.
  • To create a platform integrating imaging, oxidative therapy, and embolic functions.
  • To overcome the limitations of conventional transarterial chemoembolization (TACE).

Main Methods:

  • A dual-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid hydrogel was formulated with a carbon dot/iron complex (APIO/Fe).
  • APIO carbon dots were synthesized using iohexol and 1-(3-aminopropyl) imidazole for CT imaging and iron chelation.
  • The hydrogel and complex were characterized for structural integrity, imaging capabilities, and therapeutic functions (Fenton reaction, ROS generation, coagulation).
  • In vitro evaluation included injectability, self-healing properties, and occlusion in a 3D vascular model.

Main Results:

  • The APIO/Fe hydrogel exhibited shear-thinning, self-healing, and injectability.
  • The system maintained contrast capabilities for CT and MRI.
  • The APIO/Fe complex catalyzed Fenton reactions, generated reactive oxygen species (ROS), and promoted blood coagulation.
  • The complex demonstrated occlusion in a 3D vascular model.

Conclusions:

  • The developed multifunctional hydrogel platform offers a synergistic and minimally invasive approach for HCC treatment.
  • This integrated system enhances imaging visibility, provides oxidative therapy, and possesses embolic function.
  • This innovative biomaterial holds significant potential for improving HCC therapeutic strategies.