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Physiology of the Heart: The Cardiac Cycle01:18

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Cardiac Output
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Right Heart Catheterization: An OverviewRight heart catheterization is an invasive diagnostic procedure that measures right-sided cardiac and pulmonary artery pressures, calculates cardiac output, and identifies intracardiac shunts. It provides detailed hemodynamic data essential for diagnosing and managing various cardiovascular conditions, such as pulmonary hypertension.Access SitesCommon access sites for right heart catheterization include the internal jugular vein in the neck region, the...
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The human heart is made up of three layers of tissue that are surrounded by the pericardium, a membrane that protects and confines the heart. The outermost layer, closest to the pericardium, is the epicardium. The pericardial cavity separates the pericardium from the epicardium. Beneath the epicardium is the myocardium, the middle layer, and the endocardium, the innermost layer. There are four chambers of the heart: the right atrium, the right ventricle, the left atrium, and the left ventricle.
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Cardiac Catheterization III: Left Heart Catheterization01:24

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Left heart catheterization is an invasive diagnostic procedure used to evaluate the function and structure of the left side of the heart. It is generally performed to diagnose and treat cardiovascular conditions such as valve abnormalities, coronary artery disease, and congenital heart defects.Diagnostic and therapeutic purposesLeft heart catheterization serves various diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, including:Assessing coronary artery bypass grafts.Evaluating coronary artery disease in...
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The eukaryotic promoter region is a segment of DNA located upstream of a gene. It contains an RNA polymerase binding site, a transcription start site, and several cis-regulatory sequences.  The proximal promoter region is located in the vicinity of the gene and has cis-regulatory sequences and the core promoter. The core promoter is the binding site for RNA polymerase and is usually located between -35 and +35 nucleotides from the transcription start site. The distal promoter regions are...
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Leptin Activates Brain-BAT-Heart Crosstalk to Promote Cardiac Protection.

Ana C M Omoto1, Ivan Vechetti2, Jussara M do Carmo1

  • 1Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, Cardiorenal and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS (A.C.M.O., J.M.d.C., Z.W., A.J.M., J.C.Y., X.D., E.C.L., M.H., X.L., R.W.S., A.A.d.S., J.E.H.).

Circulation Research
|February 4, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Brain leptin receptor activation protects the heart after injury by stimulating brown adipose tissue to release extracellular vesicles. These vesicles, containing microRNA-29c-3p, are crucial for the observed cardioprotective effects.

Keywords:
adipose tissue, brownextracellular vesiclesheart failureischemia-reperfusion injurymitochondriamyocardial infarctionsympathetic nervous system

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Neuroendocrinology
  • Extracellular Vesicles Biology

Background:

  • Cardiovascular disease is a leading global cause of death.
  • Leptin receptor (LepR) activation in the brain shows potential for improving cardiac function post-myocardial infarction.
  • The precise mechanism of brain-heart communication for cardioprotection remains elusive.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of brown adipose tissue (BAT) in mediating the cardioprotective effects of central LepR activation.
  • To identify the components and mechanisms of BAT-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) involved in cardiac protection.

Main Methods:

  • Rats underwent cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury with interventions targeting BAT (ablation, denervation) and central leptin delivery.
  • Cardiac function was assessed using echocardiography and catheterization.
  • BAT-derived EVs were analyzed, and Rab27a's role in EV release was investigated. MicroRNA cargo was identified.

Main Results:

  • BAT ablation or denervation abolished the cardioprotective effects of central LepR activation.
  • Central leptin increased BAT-derived EVs, an effect dependent on sympathetic innervation.
  • Knockdown of Rab27a in BAT impaired the cardioprotective benefits. MicroRNA-29c-3p was identified as a key cargo in protective EVs.

Conclusions:

  • Central LepR activation confers cardiac protection post-ischemia-reperfusion injury.
  • This protection is mediated by sympathetic nervous system-stimulated BAT-derived EVs.
  • These EVs contain microRNA-29c-3p, which mitigates cardiac fibrosis.