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Review and Preview

Review and Preview

In statistics, several tools are used to interpret the data. Measures of central tendency represent the characteristics of the data, such as mean, median, and mode. Additionally, measures of variance like standard deviation and range are used to find the spread of data from the mean. Relative standing measures the distance between data locations. Commonly used measures of relative standings are percentile, z score, and quartiles.
Percentiles are a type of fractile that partition data into...

Review and Preview

Review and Preview

Data are individual items of information obtained from a population or sample. Data may be classified as qualitative (categorical), quantitative continuous, or quantitative discrete. Because it is not practical to measure the entire population in a study, researchers use samples to represent the population. A random sample is a representative group from the population chosen by using a method that gives each individual in the population an equal chance of being included in the sample. Random...

Random and Systematic Errors

Random and Systematic Errors

Scientists always try their best to record measurements with the utmost accuracy and precision. However, sometimes errors do occur. These errors can be random or systematic. Random errors are observed due to the inconsistency or fluctuation in the measurement process, or variations in the quantity itself that is being measured. Such errors fluctuate from being greater than or less than the true value in repeated measurements. Consider a scientist measuring the length of an earthworm using a...

Directing Effect of Substituents: meta-Directing Groups

Directing Effect of Substituents: meta-Directing Groups

Substituents on the benzene ring that direct an incoming electrophile to undergo substitution at the meta position are called meta directors. All meta directors either have a positive charge on the atom directly bonded to the ring or a partial positive charge. These groups function by withdrawing electrons from the ring through inductive and resonance effects. Consider the carbocation intermediates formed upon the addition of an electrophile on nitrobenzene at the...

Systematic Sampling Method

Systematic Sampling Method

Sampling is a technique to select a portion (or subset) of the larger population and study that portion (the sample) to gain information about the population. Data are the result of sampling from a population. The sampling method ensures that samples are drawn without bias and accurately represent the population. Because measuring the entire population in a study is not practical, researchers use samples to represent the population of interest.
Systematic sampling is one of the simplest methods...

Aging

Aging

Aging is a complex biological phenomenon influenced by various processes that affect cellular and systemic functions. Several prominent theories attempt to explain its mechanisms, highlighting cellular limitations, oxidative damage, and hormonal changes as central factors in aging.
Cellular Clock Theory
The cellular clock theory posits that the human lifespan is closely tied to the finite capacity of cells to divide, a phenomenon governed by telomeres, which are protective caps at the ends of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 5, 2026

Author Spotlight: Overcoming Anti-VEGF Resistance Through Advanced Vascular Morphology Assessment in Choroidal Neovascularization

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Published on: August 11, 2023

Radiotherapy for Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Yiou Lei^1,2,3, Jiaqi Yang^1,2,3, Ying Li^1,2,3

¹Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, PR China.

Current Eye Research

|February 4, 2026

Summary

Radiotherapy combined with anti-VEGF drugs for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) shows mixed results. Epimacular brachytherapy increases vision loss risk, while stereotactic radiotherapy reduces injection frequency but doesn't improve visual acuity.

Keywords:

AMD anti-VEGF epimacular brachytherapy radiotherapy stereotactic radiotherapy

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Area of Science:

Ophthalmology
Radiation Oncology
Medical Science

Background:

Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) drugs are standard for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD).
Limitations exist with anti-VEGF monotherapy, necessitating exploration of combination treatments.
Radiotherapy presents a potential adjunctive therapy for nAMD.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of combining radiotherapy with anti-VEGF therapy versus anti-VEGF monotherapy for nAMD.
To compare two radiotherapy modalities: epimacular brachytherapy (EBM) and stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT).

Main Methods:

Systematic review and meta-analysis of four studies (seven articles).
Searched major databases (PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, etc.) up to February 25, 2025.
Primary outcome: proportion of participants losing >15 ETDRS letters at 12 and 24 months.

Main Results:

Epimacular brachytherapy (EBM) combined with anti-VEGF increased vision loss risk at 12 and 24 months compared to anti-VEGF monotherapy.
Stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) combined with anti-VEGF showed a higher risk of vision loss at 24 months but reduced ranibizumab injections by 2.10.
No significant improvement in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was observed with SRT combination therapy.

Conclusions:

EBM combined with anti-VEGF may worsen outcomes and increase adverse events in nAMD.
SRT combined with anti-VEGF can decrease the treatment burden by reducing anti-VEGF injection frequency.
Further research is needed to optimize radiotherapy use in nAMD management.