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Related Concept Videos

Motor Units00:46

Motor Units

A motor unit consists of two main components: a single efferent motor neuron (i.e., a neuron that carries impulses away from the central nervous system) and all of the muscle fibers it innervates. The motor neuron may innervate multiple muscle fibers, which are single cells, but only one motor neuron innervates a single muscle fiber.
Torque01:10

Torque

Torque is an important quantity for describing the dynamics of a rotating rigid body. We see the application of torque in many ways in the world, such as when pressing the accelerator in a car, which causes the engine to apply additional torque on the drivetrain. Here, we define torque and provide a framework to create an equation to calculate torque for a rigid body with fixed-axis rotation.
Torque can be considered as the rotational counterpart to force. Since forces change the translational...
Rolling Resistance01:21

Rolling Resistance

When a solid cylinder rolls steadily on a rigid surface, the normal force applied by the surface on the cylinder is perpendicular to the tangent at the contact point. However, since no materials are entirely rigid, the surface's reaction to the cylinder involves a range of normal pressures.
For instance, imagine a hard cylinder rolling on a comparatively soft surface. The cylinder's weight compresses the surface beneath it. As the cylinder moves, the material in front of it slows down due to...
Rolling Resistance: Problem Solving01:17

Rolling Resistance: Problem Solving

Rolling resistance, also known as rolling friction, is the force that resists the motion of a rolling object, such as a wheel, tire, or ball, when it moves over a surface. It is caused by the deformation of the object and the surface in contact with each other, as well as other factors like internal friction, hysteresis, and energy losses within the materials. Rolling resistance opposes the object's motion, requiring additional energy to overcome it and maintain movement. In practical...
Motor Units01:13

Motor Units

The motor unit is a fundamental component of the neuromuscular system and plays a crucial role in coordinating muscle contractions. It consists of a somatic motor neuron, which connects and controls multiple skeletal muscle fibers, forming a single functional segment. The axon of the motor neuron branches out and establishes synaptic connections known as neuromuscular junctions with individual muscle fibers within the motor unit.
Motor units come in different sizes, with smaller units...
Motor Unit Stimulation01:20

Motor Unit Stimulation

When the neuron of a motor unit fires an action potential, it triggers a series of events, leading to a twitch contraction in the muscle fibers. The process of excitation-contraction coupling is crucial in relaying the action potential to the muscle fibers.
The latent period of contraction marks the onset of excitation-contraction coupling, when the action potential propagates across the sarcolemma, preparing the muscle fibers for contraction. As the fibers enter the contraction phase, the...

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WheelCon: A Wheel Control-Based Gaming Platform for Studying Human Sensorimotor Control
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Users' Trust Evolvement in Fully Driverless Robotaxis During First Ride: An On-Road Study.

Zhenyu Wang1, Weiyin Xie1,2, Haolong Hu1

  • 1The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), China.

Human Factors
|February 4, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Trust in driverless robotaxis grows with real-world experience. User characteristics, driving style, safety, comfort, and interface design significantly shape this trust during a first ride.

Keywords:
first-time uselevel 4 autonomous vehiclestrust in automation

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Last Updated: Jul 11, 2026

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Published on: August 15, 2020

Using a Virtual Reality Walking Simulator to Investigate Pedestrian Behavior
06:38

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Published on: June 9, 2020

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07:15

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Published on: December 18, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Human-computer interaction
  • Transportation engineering
  • Psychology

Background:

  • Driverless robotaxis are emerging, offering significant economic and social benefits.
  • Public acceptance hinges on user trust, which previous studies may have biased.
  • Understanding trust dynamics in real-world autonomous vehicle use is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how user trust evolves during initial rides in fully driverless robotaxis.
  • To identify factors influencing trust, including user traits, system design, and traffic conditions.
  • To address limitations of prior trust research in autonomous systems.

Main Methods:

  • An on-road experiment involving 30 participants with no prior fully driverless robotaxi experience.
  • Data collection included dynamic trust measurements every 2 minutes and think-aloud protocols.
  • Statistical analysis using a cumulative link mixed model assessed trust development.

Main Results:

  • Dynamic trust gradually increased and stabilized throughout the robotaxi ride.
  • User heterogeneity, driving style, safety, comfort, and interface design were key factors influencing trust.
  • Past driving experience and demographics moderated the trust-building process.

Conclusions:

  • Trust in driverless robotaxis develops progressively through real-world exposure.
  • User characteristics, vehicle control, and interface design are critical determinants of trust.
  • Considering user heterogeneity is vital for promoting robotaxi acceptance.