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Establishment of a Human Multiple Myeloma Xenograft Model in the Chicken to Study Tumor Growth, Invasion and Angiogenesis
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Rethinking Multiple Myeloma Treatment: The Biological and Clinical Insights Guiding Immune-Based Combinations

Annamaria Gullà1, Madhav V Dhodapkar2, Hermann Einsele3

  • 1Candiolo Cancer Institute , Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia-IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy.

Blood Cancer Discovery
|February 4, 2026
PubMed

The standard of care for multiple myeloma has rapidly evolved to include immune-based therapies. However, achieving durable immune control and long-term survival, particularly in high-risk patients, remains difficult. In this article, we review the immune effects of existing and emerging therapies, dissect key drivers of resistance, highlight rational combinations and treatment-sequencing strategies, and summarize ongoing clinical trials that aim to optimize durable immune control. We discuss how the application of these biological and clinical insights may help us rethink multiple myeloma treatment to fully eradicate residual disease and elicit sustained natural and/or synthetic tumor-specific immunity.

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