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Related Concept Videos

Clinical Trials01:16

Clinical Trials

10.8K
Clinical trials are prospective experimental studies conducted on humans to determine the safety and efficacy of treatments, drugs, diet methods, and medical devices. Using statistics in clinical trials enables researchers to derive reasonable and accurate conclusions from the collected data, allowing them to make wise decisions in uncertain situations. In medical research, statistical methods are crucial for preventing errors and bias.
There are four phases in a clinical trial. A phase one...
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Clinical Trials: Overview01:11

Clinical Trials: Overview

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Clinical development focuses on how the drug will interact with the human body and encompasses four key phases of clinical trials, each serving a specific purpose in assessing the safety and effectiveness of new drugs. These phases overlap and build upon one another. Phase I involves a small group of healthy volunteers (typically 20-80 individuals) or, in cases where significant toxicity is expected, patients with the targeted disease, such as cancer or AIDS. The volunteers are tested for...
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Statistical Software for Data Analysis and Clinical Trials01:12

Statistical Software for Data Analysis and Clinical Trials

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Statistical software is pivotal in data analysis and clinical trials by providing tools to analyze data, draw conclusions, and make predictions. These software packages range from simple data management applications to complex analytical platforms, supporting various statistical tests, models, and simulation techniques. Their significance lies in their ability to handle vast amounts of data with precision and efficiency, enabling researchers to validate hypotheses, identify trends, and make...
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The Electromagnetic Spectrum02:37

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

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The electromagnetic spectrum consists of all the types of electromagnetic radiation arranged according to their frequency and wavelength. Each of the various colors of visible light has specific frequencies and wavelengths associated with them, and you can see that visible light makes up only a small portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Because the technologies developed to work in various parts of the electromagnetic spectrum are different, for reasons of convenience and historical...
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The Electromagnetic Spectrum01:24

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

33.8K
Electromagnetic waves are categorized according to their wavelengths and frequencies, giving the electromagnetic spectrum. These waves are classified as radio, infrared, ultraviolet, etc. Radio waves refer to electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths ranging from millimeters to kilometers. Radio waves are commonly used for audio communications (i.e., radios) and typically result from an alternating current in the wires of a broadcast antenna. They cover a broad wavelength range and are used...
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IR Spectrum01:19

IR Spectrum

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When infrared (IR) radiation passes through a molecule, the bonds stretch or bend by absorbing the radiation. This absorption creates the molecule's absorption spectrum, which is the plot of its percentage transmittance versus wavenumber.
Transmittance is defined as the ratio of the radiant power passing through a sample to that from the radiation's source. Multiplying the transmittance by 100 gives the percent transmittance (%T), which varies between 100% (no absorption) and 0%...
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In Silico Clinical Trials for Cardiovascular Disease
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MASLD, MASH, and the CKM Spectrum: A Roadmap for Multiorgan Clinical Trial Design.

Faiez Zannad1, Muhammad Shahzeb Khan2, Nisha Bansal3

  • 1CHRU Nancy, Centre d'Investigations Cliniques Plurithématique 1433, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France.

Journal of the American College of Cardiology
|February 4, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Cardiovascular, kidney, and metabolic (CKM) diseases and liver disease, including metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), frequently coexist. Integrated trials are needed to address shared pathophysiology and improve patient outcomes.

Keywords:
cardiovascular-kidney-liver-metabolicmetabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver diseasemultiorgan trialsnoninvasive testssurrogate endpoints

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Area of Science:

  • Integrative medicine
  • Multiorgan disease research
  • Clinical trial design

Background:

  • Cardiovascular, kidney, and metabolic (CKM) diseases and liver disease, particularly metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), share risk factors and often coexist.
  • The combined presence of these conditions increases the risk of adverse CKM and liver-related outcomes.
  • Current research often focuses on single diseases, creating knowledge gaps regarding their interconnectedness.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review evidence supporting the integration of liver dysfunction into the CKM disease model.
  • To critically evaluate current clinical trials for CKM and MASLD/metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH).
  • To propose a framework for designing integrated multiorgan clinical trials.

Main Methods:

  • Epidemiologic and pathophysiologic evidence review.
  • Critical appraisal of existing heart failure, chronic kidney disease, and MASLD/MASH trials.
  • Proposal for integrated trial designs, including population enrichment, noninvasive endpoints, and biomarker substudies.

Main Results:

  • Shared mechanisms like systemic inflammation, lipotoxicity, and fibrotic remodeling link CKM and MASLD/MASH.
  • Existing trials often lack data on comorbid conditions, hindering holistic treatment development.
  • Integrated trials, including basket and platform designs, are essential for comprehensive therapy.

Conclusions:

  • A unified CKM and liver disease framework is warranted.
  • Patient-centered, integrated trials are crucial for developing holistic therapies for interconnected diseases.
  • Transitioning to master protocols for basket and platform trials will advance patient care.