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Communication as a core non-technical skill in pediatric surgery: existing frameworks and potential implementation in

Irene Paraboschi^1,2, Harold N Lovvorn³, Satoshi Ieiri⁴

¹Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Milano, Milan, Italy.

Pediatric Surgery International

|February 4, 2026

Abstract

Purpose:

Communication skills are essential non-technical competencies in pediatric surgery, yet formal training programs remain limited and inconsistent. This perspective article examines the critical role of communication across pediatric surgical subspecialties and proposes frameworks for implementing structured communication training in residency programs.

Methods:

We performed a narrative review of published literature on communication skills in pediatric surgery and synthesized existing communication frameworks applicable to surgical training. Expert perspectives were gathered from an international group of pediatric surgeons representing diverse subspecialties including prenatal counseling, neonatal surgery, pediatric urology, and pediatric surgical oncology.

Results:

We identify specific communication challenges unique to pediatric surgery, including prenatal counseling, neonatal intensive care discussions, sensitive urological conditions, and pediatric oncology. Existing frameworks such as SPIKES for delivering bad news and EMPATHY for non-verbal communication provide evidence-based tools adaptable to pediatric contexts. Current training approaches remain largely informal and mentor-dependent, with significant variability between programs.

Conclusion:

Pediatric surgery training programs should integrate structured communication curricula with defined learning objectives, simulation-based practice, and regular feedback mechanisms to prepare trainees for the unique communication demands of caring for children and their families.

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