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Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
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Colloids03:22

Colloids

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Children at play often make suspensions such as mixtures of mud and water, flour and water, or a suspension of solid pigments in water known as tempera paint. These suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures composed of relatively large particles that are visible to the naked eye or can be seen with a magnifying glass. They are cloudy, and the suspended particles settle out after mixing. On the other hand, a solution is a homogeneous mixture in which no settling occurs and in which the dissolved...
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Binary fission is the primary mode of asexual reproduction in prokaryotes, such as bacteria. It results in the production of two genetically identical daughter cells. This highly efficient process ensures the rapid propagation of bacterial populations under favorable conditions and involves coordinated cellular and molecular events.DNA Replication and SeparationThe process begins with the replication of the bacterial chromosome. The circular DNA molecule unwinds at a specific origin of...
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Synthesis and Exfoliation of Discotic Zirconium Phosphates to Obtain Colloidal Liquid Crystals
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Active Colloid Phase Transitions and Living Binary Crystal Formation.

Jingyuan Chen1,2, Shaobin Zhuo3, Binglin Zeng1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam 999077, Hong Kong, China.

ACS Nano
|February 4, 2026
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Photoactive colloids mimic atomic behavior, enabling tunable phase transitions and "chemical reactions" between different colloid types. This research offers a new platform for studying colloidal systems and reaction pathways.

Keywords:
Langevin dynamicsbinary crystalcolloidal interactionphase transitionphotoactive colloids

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Area of Science:

  • Soft Matter Physics
  • Materials Science
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Colloids serve as model systems (
  • meta-atoms
  • ) for studying atomic-scale phase behaviors due to their slower dynamics.
  • Photoactive colloids offer tunable interactions and dynamics, ideal for emulating atomic lattice phase transitions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate how photochemical reactions on active colloids can create an optically tunable hydrodynamic interaction field.
  • To achieve controllable phase transitions (zigzag bands, chains, dispersed phases) in colloidal systems.
  • To investigate
  • chemical reactions
  • and phase transitions in colloidal alloys with passive colloids.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing photoactive colloids with on-demand directional interactions and tunable dynamics.
  • Employing two sets of illumination to control directional interactions and omnidirectional repulsion.
  • Introducing passive colloids to induce inter-species
  • chemical reactions
  • and form colloidal compounds.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated optically tunable hydrodynamic interaction fields induced by photochemical reactions.
  • Achieved controllable phase transitions between zigzag bands, chains, and dispersed phases based on bond orientational order.
  • Observed the formation of colloid compounds with defined stoichiometric ratios and emulated their phase transitions.

Conclusions:

  • The developed platform bridges active matter physics and solid-state chemistry.
  • Provides a versatile tool for studying phase diagrams in colloidal systems.
  • Enables optical encoding of
  • reaction pathways
  • in colloidal alloys.