Hierarchical neurobehavioral model reveals that shared flexibility, not individual stability, supports rhythmic...

Interpersonal coordination requires balancing individual control with interaction-derived synergy, yet it remains unclear when neural coupling contributes beyond behavior. Using an fNIRS hyperscanning paradigm, we examined dyadic rhythmic coordination and jointly modeled behavioral stability, dispositional structure, and interbrain synchrony within a hierarchical neurobehavioral framework. Across models, mean individual stability was negatively associated with dyadic performance, whereas interaction-derived shared flexibility (i.e., dyad-level behavioral stability synergy) was the most robust positive predictor. Incorporating dispositional structure showed that larger within-dyad differences in figure-embedding performance impaired coordination, whereas higher dyad-level self-esteem facilitated coordination. The neural coupling index showed no reliable main effect after accounting for behavioral and trait factors, but moderation analyses indicated a conditional contribution: interbrain synchrony compensated when shared flexibility was low, with diminishing benefit as synergy increased. Together, these findings support a hierarchical neurobehavioral architecture in which shared flexibility provides the primary foundation of coordination, dispositional structure shapes the conditions for synergy, and interbrain synchrony contributes in a context-dependent manner.