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Updated: Feb 6, 2026

Applications of EEG Neuroimaging Data: Event-related Potentials, Spectral Power, and Multiscale Entropy
Published on: June 27, 2013
Altered entropy modulation in bipolar disorder: EEG entropy measures during steady-state auditory entrainment
William T Creel1, Grace Seibly1, Colleen A Brenner1
1Department of Psychology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, 92354, USA.
Background:
Non-linear neural dynamics reflect the inherent complexity of brain activity and are increasingly recognized as important indicators of neural adaptability and integrity. Bipolar disorder (BD) is associated with atypical brain activity, as evidenced by prior research demonstrating altered electroencephalography (EEG) spectral entropy and gamma-band auditory steady-state response (aSSR) deficits, suggesting impaired neural adaptability.
Methods:
In this study, EEG data from 230 participants (BD = 90, control = 140) were analyzed to investigate differences in signal complexity using fuzzy entropy (FuzzEn) levels during 40 Hz auditory entrainment exposure and to evaluate the diagnostic utility of FuzzEn features using an extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) machine learning classifier.
Results:
Individuals with BD demonstrated significantly higher FuzzEn at baseline (Median = 0.234 vs. 0.142, p < .001) and during stimulus exposure (Median = 0.267 vs. 0.196, p < .001), along with reduced entropy modulation (Median = 0.023 vs. 0.036, p < .001) compared to controls. The XGBoost classifier achieved a modest diagnostic accuracy of 67%, highlighting the contribution of FuzzEn features in capturing neural dynamics relevant to BD.
Conclusions:
These findings suggest that impaired neural adaptation to sensory input in BD may be linked to heightened disorder in brain activity, informing the development of diagnostics and therapeutic interventions for BD.
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