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Related Concept Videos

Proton (¹H) NMR: Chemical Shift01:07

Proton (¹H) NMR: Chemical Shift

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Organic molecules primarily contain carbon and hydrogen atoms. While all the hydrogen isotopes are NMR-active, protium or hydrogen-1 is the most abundant. It has a significant energy separation between its nuclear spin states due to its large gyromagnetic ratio. As per Boltzmann's distribution, an increase in the energy separation implies a greater excess population of nuclei available for excitation, resulting in a strong NMR absorption signal.
Absorption signals of all the protium nuclei...
3.5K
¹H NMR of Labile Protons: Temporal Resolution01:10

¹H NMR of Labile Protons: Temporal Resolution

1.7K
Protons bonded to heteroatoms such as nitrogen and oxygen exhibit a range of chemical shift values. This is due to the varying degree of hydrogen bonding between the proton and the heteroatom in other molecules. The extent of hydrogen bonding affects the electron density around the proton, thereby giving different chemical shift values for the protons in the proton NMR spectrum.
The –OH proton in alcohols typically appears in the range of δ 2 to 5 ppm but can vary depending on the specific...
1.7K
¹H NMR of Labile Protons: Deuterium (²H) Substitution00:48

¹H NMR of Labile Protons: Deuterium (²H) Substitution

1.3K
This lesson illustrates the role of deuterium substitution in simplifying the NMR spectrum of compounds comprising labile protons. One method employed is the use of deuterium. Amongst the three isotopes of hydrogen, deuterium (2H) has a nucleus composed of one proton and one neutron. When the D2O solvent is added to a pure dry ethanol solution, its labile proton is substituted with deuterium.
1.3K
Temperature Dependence on Reaction Rate02:55

Temperature Dependence on Reaction Rate

89.1K
The Collision Theory
Atoms, molecules, or ions must collide before they can react with each other. Atoms must be close together to form chemical bonds. This premise is the basis for a theory that explains many observations regarding chemical kinetics, including factors affecting reaction rates.
The collision theory is based on the postulates that (i) the reaction rate is proportional to the rate of reactant collisions, (ii) the reacting species collide in an orientation allowing contact between...
89.1K
¹H NMR Chemical Shift Equivalence: Homotopic and Heterotopic Protons01:03

¹H NMR Chemical Shift Equivalence: Homotopic and Heterotopic Protons

4.2K
Protons in identical electronic environments within a molecule are chemically equivalent and have the same chemical shift. The replacement test is a useful tool to identify chemical equivalence and predict NMR spectra. A substituent replaces each of the protons being examined and the resulting molecules are compared. If the same molecule is obtained, the protons are equivalent or homotopic. Replacement of any hydrogens in ethane by chlorine yields chloroethane because all six protons are...
4.2K
¹H NMR Chemical Shift Equivalence: Enantiotopic and Diastereotopic Protons00:58

¹H NMR Chemical Shift Equivalence: Enantiotopic and Diastereotopic Protons

3.3K
Replacing each alpha-hydrogen in chloroethane by bromine (or a different functional group) yields a pair of enantiomers. Such protons are called prochiral or enantiotopic and are related by a mirror plane. Enantiotopic protons are chemically equivalent in an achiral environment. Because most proton NMR spectra are recorded using achiral solvents, enantiotopic hydrogens yield a single signal.
In chiral compounds such as 2-butanol, replacing the methylene hydrogens at C3 produces a pair of...
3.3K

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A Micro-agar Salt Bridge Electrode for Analyzing the Proton Turnover Rate of Recombinant Membrane Proteins
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Proton-Fluid Preintercalation Topochemistry for High-Rate Capacity and Ultralow-Temperature Proton Storage.

Tiezhu Xu1, Tengyu Yao1, Yuxuan Zhao1

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|February 5, 2026
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Summary

Researchers developed a novel molybdenum bronze anode for proton batteries, achieving high capacity and ultrafast charging. This breakthrough enables high-power, low-temperature energy storage with excellent stability.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • Anode materials are a key limitation for proton batteries and capacitors due to issues with structural reversibility and electrochemical performance.
  • Metal oxides offer potential for proton storage, but achieving both high power and low-temperature operation is challenging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design advanced anode materials for proton batteries and capacitors that overcome limitations in structural reversibility and electrochemical performance.
  • To enable simultaneous high-power and low-temperature operability in proton energy storage devices.

Main Methods:

  • Topochemical preintercalation of protons and confined lattice water in hydrated molybdenum bronze.
  • In situ crystal and interface evolution studies.
  • Theoretical calculations.
  • Fabrication of a hybrid proton capacitor.

Main Results:

  • A novel three-proton insertion mechanism was enabled by ion-fluid cointercalation, leading to a specific capacity of 407 mAh g-1.
  • Ultrahigh-rate capability exceeding 1000 C (500 A g-1) and ultralow-temperature performance (194.2 mAh g-1 at -80 °C) were achieved.
  • The material demonstrated a highly reversible and homogeneous protonation mechanism, suppressing unstable kinetics and showing stability for over 2000 cycles at -80 °C.

Conclusions:

  • Topochemical preintercalation in hydrated molybdenum bronze modifies lattice rearrangement for ultrafast proton-coupled electron transfer.
  • The developed molybdenum bronze anode provides unprecedented ultrahigh-power and ultralow-temperature performance for hybrid proton capacitors.
  • This work offers electrode design principles for high-rate, low-temperature nonmetallic ion storage.