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[Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in HIV-negative patients for general practitioners]

Kewin Elias1, Nicolas Delaitre2, Diane Agakiza3

  • 1Service de médecine interne générale, Centre hospitalier du Valais romand, Hôpital de Sion, 1951 Sion.

Revue Medicale Suisse
|February 5, 2026
PubMed

Insights

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) can affect non-HIV patients, presenting with neurological deficits. General practitioners should suspect PML, check medications, and initiate urgent workup and neurology referral.

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a rare, opportunistic demyelinating disease.
  • While historically associated with HIV/AIDS, PML occurs in other immunocompromised states.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline a practical approach for general practitioners to recognize and manage PML.
  • To emphasize early diagnosis and referral in non-HIV patients.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical presentation and diagnostic workup for PML.
  • Case illustration of PML in a polymedicated patient.

Main Results:

  • PML can manifest with subacute cognitive, language, or motor impairments.
  • Early recognition and intervention are crucial for patient outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • General practitioners play a vital role in identifying PML in at-risk populations.
  • Prompt neuroimaging, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, and specialist consultation are essential.

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