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A fresh perspective-advancing fish immunotoxicology in a complex world.

Cheyenne R Smith1, Laura Burattin2, Nuria Ruiz Iglesias3

  • 1U.S. Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science Center at Leetown Research Laboratory, Kearneysville, WV, USA.

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|February 5, 2026
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Summary

Environmental immunotoxicology in teleost fishes uses immune function to assess health impacts from environmental changes. This approach aids in understanding contaminant effects and improving risk assessments for fish populations.

Keywords:
ecoimmunologyenvironmental stressorsimmune functionimmunometabolismimmunotoxicologymechanistic understandingmulti‐stressor interactionsresilienceteleost fishtoxicokinetics

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental toxicology
  • Immunology
  • Ecotoxicology
  • Fish biology

Background:

  • Environmental changes pose complex threats to organism and ecosystem health.
  • Immune function is increasingly recognized as a dynamic mediator of these effects.
  • Environmental immunotoxicology in teleost fishes is advancing towards mechanistic and integrative frameworks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight knowledge gaps in environmental immunotoxicology.
  • To advocate for immune function as a mechanistic lens and health indicator.
  • To improve predictive risk assessments and management strategies for aquatic ecosystems.

Main Methods:

  • Leveraging omics technologies for molecular insights.
  • Utilizing in vivo tracking for dynamic physiological assessment.
  • Employing cross-disciplinary modeling for integrative analysis.
  • Focusing on teleost fish models.

Main Results:

  • Identified knowledge gaps in immune mechanisms, toxicokinetics, and multi-stressor interactions.
  • Advocated for immune function as a key indicator in environmental health assessments.
  • Demonstrated the potential of an integrative framework for risk assessment.

Conclusions:

  • Immune function is a critical factor in understanding environmental contaminant effects.
  • An integrative framework enhances predictive capabilities for ecological risk.
  • The field is poised for growth through technological advancements and collaboration.