Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Field Effect Transistor01:29

Field Effect Transistor

1.2K
Field-effect transistors (FETs) are integral to electronic circuits and distinguished by their three-terminal setup: the gate, drain, and source. These transistors operate as unipolar devices, which utilize either electrons or holes as charge carriers, in contrast to bipolar transistors, which use both types of carriers. The primary function of the FET is to modulate the flow of these carriers from the source to the drain through a channel. The voltage difference between the gate and source...
1.2K
Electric Field01:16

Electric Field

12.9K
Consider two point charges, each exerting Coulomb force on the other. It is possible to describe the Coulomb interaction via an intermediate step by defining a new physical quantity called the electric field.
In the new picture, imagine that the first charge sets up an electric field independent of all other charges in the universe. When another charge comes in its vicinity, the second charge experiences an electric force depending on the electric field at that point. The source charge does not...
12.9K
Magnetic Fields01:27

Magnetic Fields

7.4K
A moving charge or a current creates a magnetic field in the surrounding space, in addition to its electric field. The magnetic field exerts a force on any other moving charge or current that is present in the field. Like an electric field, the magnetic field is also a vector field. At any position, the direction of the magnetic field is defined as the direction in which the north pole of a compass needle points.
A magnetic field is defined by the force that a charged particle experiences...
7.4K
Electromagnetic Fields01:30

Electromagnetic Fields

2.8K
Electric fields generated by static charges, often referred to as electrostatic fields, are characteristically different from electric fields created by time-varying magnetic fields. While the former is a conservative field, implying that no net work is done on a test charge if it goes around in a complete loop in the field, the latter is, by definition, not a conservative field; net work is done, and it is proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux.
However, the observation of...
2.8K
Lattice Centering and Coordination Number02:33

Lattice Centering and Coordination Number

11.7K
The structure of a crystalline solid, whether a metal or not, is best described by considering its simplest repeating unit, which is referred to as its unit cell. The unit cell consists of lattice points that represent the locations of atoms or ions. The entire structure then consists of this unit cell repeating in three dimensions. The three different types of unit cells present in the cubic lattice are illustrated in Figure 1.
Types of Unit Cells
Imagine taking a large number of identical...
11.7K
Electric Field Inside a Conductor01:20

Electric Field Inside a Conductor

7.5K
When a conductor is placed in an external electric field, the free charges in the conductor redistribute and very quickly reach electrostatic equilibrium. The resulting charge distribution and its electric field have many interesting properties, which can be investigated with the help of Gauss's law.
Suppose a piece of metal is placed near a positive charge. The free electrons in the metal are attracted to the external positive charge and migrate freely toward that region. This region then...
7.5K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Aperture-collimated proton LATTICE radiotherapy with a GRID-like entrance pattern: a compact and robust delivery strategy.

Physics in medicine and biology·2026
Same author

Advancing Particle Therapy to Improve Cancer Care: Report on "2nd World Forum on Particle Therapy".

International journal of particle therapy·2026
Same author

A pig model of human radiation-induced veno-occlusive liver disease reveals ferroptosis as a therapeutic target.

Cell reports. Medicine·2026
Same author

TIGIT expression dictates the immunosuppressive reprogramming of myeloid cells in glioblastoma.

Neuro-oncology·2026
Same author

ChatGPT Versus DeepSeek: Assessing Artificial Intelligence Performance on Radiation Oncology Examination Questions.

Advances in radiation oncology·2025
Same author

Proton pencil beam scanning ultra-high dose rate 3D lattice radiotherapy: A proof-of-concept FLASH SFRT study.

Medical physics·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 6, 2026

Determining 3D Flow Fields via Multi-camera Light Field Imaging
14:25

Determining 3D Flow Fields via Multi-camera Light Field Imaging

Published on: March 6, 2013

17.2K

Pencil beam scanning proton lattice radiotherapy: single-field versus multi-field optimization.

Shouyi Wei1, Lee Xu1, Hang Qi1

  • 1New York Proton Center, New York, NY, United States.

Frontiers in Oncology
|February 5, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Single-field optimization (SFO) and multi-field optimization (MFO) in proton lattice radiotherapy (LRT) both work well. MFO reduces skin dose, but SFO provides better plan robustness against uncertainties.

Keywords:
MFOSFOlattice radiation therapy (LRT)pencil beam scanningproton therapy

More Related Videos

Measuring the Spin-Lattice Relaxation Magnetic Field Dependence of Hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate
11:57

Measuring the Spin-Lattice Relaxation Magnetic Field Dependence of Hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate

Published on: September 13, 2019

7.0K
Voluntary Breath-hold Technique for Reducing Heart Dose in Left Breast Radiotherapy
11:38

Voluntary Breath-hold Technique for Reducing Heart Dose in Left Breast Radiotherapy

Published on: July 3, 2014

47.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 6, 2026

Determining 3D Flow Fields via Multi-camera Light Field Imaging
14:25

Determining 3D Flow Fields via Multi-camera Light Field Imaging

Published on: March 6, 2013

17.2K
Measuring the Spin-Lattice Relaxation Magnetic Field Dependence of Hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate
11:57

Measuring the Spin-Lattice Relaxation Magnetic Field Dependence of Hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate

Published on: September 13, 2019

7.0K
Voluntary Breath-hold Technique for Reducing Heart Dose in Left Breast Radiotherapy
11:38

Voluntary Breath-hold Technique for Reducing Heart Dose in Left Breast Radiotherapy

Published on: July 3, 2014

47.5K

Area of Science:

  • Radiation Oncology
  • Medical Physics

Background:

  • Pencil beam scanning (PBS) proton lattice radiotherapy (LRT) is an advanced technique for treating bulky tumors.
  • Optimizing dose distribution is crucial for maximizing therapeutic ratio in LRT.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the clinical advantages and disadvantages of single-field optimization (SFO) versus multi-field optimization (MFO) for PBS proton LRT.
  • To assess plan quality and robustness for both optimization techniques.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective planning for 12 patients with bulky head-and-neck, thoracic, or abdominal tumors using RayStation (v2023B).
  • Dose prescription: 18 Gy to each of 6-8 vertices and 3 Gy to the gross tumor volume (GTV).
  • Evaluation of dosimetric parameters (GTV Dmean, D95%, gEUD; vertex D90%; PVDR; skin D1%) and plan robustness under varying scenarios.

Main Results:

  • Both SFO and MFO achieved a peak-to-valley dose ratio (PVDR) near 4.
  • Multi-field optimization (MFO) significantly reduced skin dose (D1%) by 25% compared to single-field optimization (SFO).
  • MFO plans showed greater deviations in PVDR, GTV Dmean, and skin D1% under robust analysis compared to SFO plans.

Conclusions:

  • Both SFO and MFO are clinically implementable with current proton therapy technology and planning systems.
  • SFO demonstrates superior plan robustness, maintaining optimized metrics under treatment uncertainties.
  • MFO offers an advantage in sparing critical organs, particularly reducing skin dose.