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Related Concept Videos

Transcription Factors02:16

Transcription Factors

82.8K
Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
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Factors Affecting Protein-Drug Binding: Protein-Related Factors01:20

Factors Affecting Protein-Drug Binding: Protein-Related Factors

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Drug binding to proteins is a key aspect of pharmacokinetics and can influence a drug's distribution, absorption, and elimination in the body. Several factors, including the drug's physiochemical properties, protein concentration, disease states, and the number of binding sites on the protein, influence this process.
The physicochemical properties of a drug play a significant role in its ability to bind to proteins. Lipophilic drugs, which dissolve in fats, oils, and lipids, can be...
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Factors Affecting Protein-Drug Binding: Drug-Related Factors01:18

Factors Affecting Protein-Drug Binding: Drug-Related Factors

486
Drug binding to proteins is a complex phenomenon influenced by various drug-related factors, each playing a significant role in the interaction between drugs and proteins within the body.
One crucial factor in drug-protein binding is the drug's lipophilicity or its affinity for fat. More lipophilic drugs tend to have higher binding extents. For example, highly lipophilic drugs like cloxacillin exhibit substantial protein binding, with as much as 95% of the drug binding to proteins. In...
486
Factors Affecting Protein-Drug Binding: Patient-Related Factors01:29

Factors Affecting Protein-Drug Binding: Patient-Related Factors

327
Protein-drug binding, a pivotal aspect of pharmacokinetics, is subject to considerable variability influenced by an array of patient-related factors. The intricate interplay of age, individual differences, and pathological conditions significantly impact the binding dynamics and subsequent pharmacological effects.
Age stands as a key determinant in protein-drug binding. Neonates, characterized by low albumin content, experience heightened concentrations of unbound drugs such as phenytoin and...
327
Transcription Elongation Factors02:35

Transcription Elongation Factors

14.0K
Transcription elongation is a dynamic process that alters depending upon the sequence heterogeneity of the DNA being transcribed. Hence, it is not surprising that the elongation complex's composition also varies along the way while transcribing a gene.
The transcription elongation is regulated via pausing of RNA polymerase on several occasions during transcription. In bacteria, these halts are necessary because the transcription of DNA into mRNA is coupled to the translation of that mRNA...
14.0K
Factors Affecting Protein-Drug Binding: Drug Interactions01:23

Factors Affecting Protein-Drug Binding: Drug Interactions

605
Drug interactions are a critical aspect of pharmacology and can occur when two or more drugs compete for the same binding site. This competition can result in one drug displacing another, altering the effect of the displaced drug. Drug interactions are complex processes that rely heavily on how much of the displacer drug is present and how strongly it can bind to the same sites as the displaced drug.
Displacement interactions can have varying outcomes, ranging from toxicity to virtually...
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Updated: Feb 6, 2026

Polyelectrolyte Complex for Heparin Binding Domain Osteogenic Growth Factor Delivery
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Transgene-Free Direct Osteogenic Reprogramming Using Cell-Permeable Octamer-Binding Transcription Factor

Manho Kim1, Jaeyoung Lee1, Wijin Kim1

  • 1Department of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.

Biomaterials Research
|February 5, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study developed a novel protein-based method to convert fibroblasts into bone-forming osteoblasts using two transcription factors. This innovative approach shows promise for safer and more effective bone regenerative therapies.

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High Sensitivity Measurement of Transcription Factor-DNA Binding Affinities by Competitive Titration Using Fluorescence Microscopy
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Hemogenic Reprogramming of Human Fibroblasts by Enforced Expression of Transcription Factors
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Polyelectrolyte Complex for Heparin Binding Domain Osteogenic Growth Factor Delivery
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Hemogenic Reprogramming of Human Fibroblasts by Enforced Expression of Transcription Factors
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Hemogenic Reprogramming of Human Fibroblasts by Enforced Expression of Transcription Factors

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Area of Science:

  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Biotechnology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Bone disorders like osteoporosis present significant clinical challenges.
  • Current therapies face limitations due to scarce osteogenic cell sources and treatment complications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel protein-based direct reprogramming platform for generating functional osteoblasts.
  • To overcome limitations of existing cell sources and therapies for bone regeneration.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a protein-based system with two transcription factors, Oct4 and Cbfβ, fused to the cell-penetrating protein 30Kc19.
  • Created recombinant proteins (Oct4-30Kc19 and Cbfβ-30Kc19) for enhanced cellular uptake and stability.
  • Transplanted generated protein-induced osteoblasts (piOBs) into a murine calvarial defect model.

Main Results:

  • Achieved high reprogramming efficiency of fibroblasts into osteoblasts with minimal cytotoxicity.
  • Protein-induced osteoblasts (piOBs) displayed characteristic osteoblast morphology and gene expression.
  • Transplantation of piOBs successfully induced significant new bone formation in vivo.

Conclusions:

  • The novel 2-factor protein-based system offers a safer, scalable, and clinically feasible strategy for bone regenerative therapies.
  • This method circumvents risks associated with viral vectors and genomic integration.
  • Demonstrated therapeutic efficacy for bone diseases through in vivo bone formation.