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Related Concept Videos

Mass Spectrometry: Molecular Fragmentation Overview01:20

Mass Spectrometry: Molecular Fragmentation Overview

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The ionization of a molecule into a molecular ion inside the mass spectrometer causes instability in the molecule's structure due to the loss of an electron. This eventually leads to the fragmentation or breaking of some bonds in the molecule. The fragmentation occurs predominantly at specific bonds to yield relatively stable fragments.
One type of fragmentation pattern is the cleavage of a single bond in the molecular ion. The cleavage leads to a radical and a cation. The cleavage can occur at...
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To draw Lewis structures for complicated molecules and molecular ions, it is helpful to follow a step-by-step procedure as outlined:
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Mass spectrometry is an analytical technique used to determine the molecular mass and molecular formula of a compound. The basic principle of mass spectrometry is to generate ions from the analyte molecule and measure these ion abundances against their molecular mass. One common type of ionization, known as electron ionization or EI, bombards the analyte molecules in the gas phase with high-energy electron beams. The electron beams displace an electron from the molecule and leave behind a...
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Tandem mass spectrometry is a technique that uses multiple mass analyzers in series to obtain a higher selectivity and reduce chemical noise during analyte detection. Instruments with multiple analyzers separated by an interaction cell enable secondary fragmentation and selected study of the fragment ions.Secondary fragmentations occur in the interaction cell and can be induced by various factors. Fragmentation induced by collision with inert gases, such as N2, Ar, He, etc., is called...
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Most elements exist in nature as a mixture of isotopes. The isotopes differ in weight due to their respective number of neutrons. The molecular weight of a molecule is different depending on the specific isotope of its elements involved. As a result, the mass spectrum of the molecule exhibits peaks from the same fragment at multiple positions. The positions of these mass signals depend on the mass differences between isotopes. Furthermore, the intensity of these signals is dependent on the...
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In mass spectroscopy, amines undergo fragmentation to give parent ions with odd molecule weights. This observed mass spectrum follows the nitrogen rule; a molecule with an odd number of nitrogen atoms produces a molecular ion with an odd molecular weight. Amines undergo fragmentation through α cleavage, producing nitrogen-containing cations—iminium ions—and alkyl radicals. Mass spectra of aromatic and cyclic aliphatic amines exhibit strong molecular ion peaks, but acyclic...
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Updated: Feb 7, 2026

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Molecular Biointerface Characterization for an Implanted Medical Device Using Cryogenic Orbitrap Secondary Ion Mass

Akmal H Bin Sabri1, Kei F C Wong1, Anna M Kotowska1

  • 1School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|February 5, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study reveals distinct molecular layers on implanted catheters, showing early immune responses like elevated sugars and immunomodulatory itaconate within days. This advances understanding of foreign body reactions for better medical device design.

Keywords:
Cryo-OrbiSIMSbiointerface characterizationforeign body reaction (FBR)molecular stratificationsilicone catheter implants

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Immunology
  • Analytical Chemistry

Background:

  • Implanted medical devices frequently fail due to foreign body reactions (FBRs), a complex biological response not fully understood.
  • Developing strategies to mitigate FBR is crucial for improving the longevity and efficacy of medical implants.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the spatial metabolomics of the biointerface of implanted medical devices using a novel depth profiling approach.
  • To gain insights into the biomolecular strata and host response at the implant-tissue interface over time.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized depth profiling with Cryo-OrbiSIMS and ToF-SIMS to analyze metabolite profiles of biological deposits on silicone rubber catheters implanted in mice for 1 and 28 days.
  • Employed machine learning and statistical analysis to interpret complex metabolomic data.
  • Correlated metabolomic findings with tissue section analysis.

Main Results:

  • Identified distinct molecular layers within the biological deposits on implants.
  • Observed early host responses at 1 day, including elevated sugars and the immunomodulatory metabolite itaconate.
  • Detected inflammation-associated markers like urate and palmitic acid at 28 days.
  • Revealed specific stratification of amino acids, nucleic acids, lipids, and fatty acids at different time points and locations within the deposit.

Conclusions:

  • The depth profiling approach provides unprecedented insight into the spatial metabolomics of the implant biointerface and FBR.
  • The findings elucidate the temporal development of host responses and biomolecular layering, advancing the understanding of FBR.
  • This research supports the development of novel biomaterials and strategies to improve implant performance and reduce failure rates.