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Entropy02:39

Entropy

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Salt particles that have dissolved in water never spontaneously come back together in solution to reform solid particles. Moreover, a gas that has expanded in a vacuum remains dispersed and never spontaneously reassembles. The unidirectional nature of these phenomena is the result of a thermodynamic state function called entropy (S). Entropy is the measure of the extent to which the energy is dispersed throughout a system, or in other words, it is proportional to the degree of disorder of a...
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Entropy01:18

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The first law of thermodynamics is quantitatively formulated via an equation relating the internal energy of a system, the heat exchanged by it, and the work done on it. A quantitative formulation of the second law of thermodynamics leads to defining a state function, the entropy.
When an ideal gas expands isothermally, the disorder in the gas increases. From the molecular perspective, the gas molecules have more volume to move around in.
Consider an infinitesimal step in the expansion, which...
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Standard Entropy Change for a Reaction03:00

Standard Entropy Change for a Reaction

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Entropy is a state function, so the standard entropy change for a chemical reaction (ΔS°rxn) can be calculated from the difference in standard entropy between the products and the reactants.
24.9K
Entropy and Solvation02:05

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8.4K
The process of surrounding a solute with solvent is called solvation. It involves evenly distributing the solute within the solvent. The rule of thumb for determining a solvent for a given compound is that like dissolves like. A good solvent has molecular characteristics similar to those of the compound to be dissolved. For example, polar solutions dissolve polar solutes, and apolar solvents dissolve apolar solutes. A polar solvent is a solvent that has a high dielectric constant (ϵ...
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Entropy within the Cell01:22

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A living cell's primary tasks of obtaining, transforming, and using energy to do work may seem simple. However, the second law of thermodynamics explains why these tasks are harder than they appear. None of the energy transfers in the universe are completely efficient. In every energy transfer, some amount of energy is lost in a form that is unusable. In most cases, this form is heat energy. Thermodynamically, heat energy is defined as the energy transferred from one system to another that...
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Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics01:20

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5.0K
The second law of thermodynamics can be stated quantitatively using the concept of entropy. Entropy is the measure of disorder of the system.
The relation  between entropy and disorder can be illustrated with the example of the phase change of ice to water. In ice, the molecules are located at specific sites giving a solid state, whereas, in a liquid form, these molecules are much freer to move. The molecular arrangement has therefore become more randomized. Although the change in average...
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High Thermoelectric Performance in High-Entropy AgMnGePbSbTe5 With Pb Vacancies.

Guanzheng Luo1, Yubo Luo1, Yingchao Wei1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|February 5, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Introducing nanotwined AgMnGePbSbTe5, a high-entropy semiconductor that converts heat to electricity. Introducing lead vacancies significantly enhances thermoelectric performance by optimizing electrical and thermal transport properties.

Keywords:
Te‐basedhigh‐entropythermoelectricvacancy engineering

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Solid State Physics
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Thermoelectric materials convert heat into electricity, crucial for waste heat recovery.
  • High-entropy materials offer unique properties due to their complex compositions.
  • AgMnGePbSbTe5 is a P-type narrow bandgap semiconductor with potential for thermoelectric applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effect of lead vacancies on the thermoelectric performance of nanotwined AgMnGePbSbTe5.
  • To understand the underlying mechanisms responsible for performance enhancement.
  • To establish vacancy engineering as a viable strategy for optimizing thermoelectric materials.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of nanotwined AgMnGePbSbTe5 with varying lead vacancy concentrations.
  • Characterization of structural, electrical, and thermal transport properties.
  • Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations to analyze electronic band structure and density of states.

Main Results:

  • Increasing lead vacancies monotonically increased hole concentration and electrical conductivity, enhancing the power factor.
  • DFT calculations revealed electron band convergence, improving the density of states effective mass and stabilizing the Seebeck coefficient.
  • Vacancies enhanced point defect scattering, suppressing lattice thermal conductivity.
  • A peak figure of merit (ZT) of 2.23 at 723 K and an average ZT of 1.31 (303–813 K) were achieved for AgMnGePb0.97SbTe5, representing significant improvements.

Conclusions:

  • Vacancy engineering in nanotwined AgMnGePbSbTe5 synergistically optimizes electrical and thermal transport properties.
  • Lead vacancies are a promising strategy for enhancing thermoelectric performance in Te-based materials.
  • The achieved thermoelectric performance is competitive among state-of-the-art Te-based thermoelectric materials.