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Depression is a prevalent mental illness marked by persistent sadness and lack of interest in previously enjoyable activities. It can take several forms, including major depression, persistent depressive disorder, and bipolar I and II disorders. Symptoms range from emotional changes like chronic worry to physical changes like sleep disturbances and suicidal thoughts. From a neurobiological perspective, depression is believed to be triggered by abnormalities in the brain's prefrontal cortex,...

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Olfactory Neurons Obtained through Nasal Biopsy Combined with Laser-Capture Microdissection: A Potential Approach to Study Treatment Response in Mental Disorders

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A General Approach Based on "Recognizing-Releasing" Strategy to Design Norepinephrine-Responsive Photoacoustic Probes

Guiting Zheng¹, Kaikai Duan¹, Qin Yang¹

¹School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, Hunan, P. R. China.

Analytical Chemistry

|February 5, 2026

Summary

A new "Recognizing-Releasing" strategy and probe (QSH-NE) enable precise norepinephrine detection for depression research. This method offers improved sensitivity and real-time monitoring of depression progression and treatment in animal models.

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Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Neuroscience
Chemical Biology

Background:

Accurate norepinephrine (NE) detection is crucial for understanding depression.
Existing photoacoustic (PA) probes for NE have limitations like slow kinetics and poor generalizability.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a novel
Recognizing-Releasing
strategy for designing NE-responsive PA probes.
To present QSH-NE as a proof-of-concept probe for in vivo imaging of depression.

Main Methods:

Developed a rationally designed PA probe (QSH-NE) using a quinolinium-derived sulfur-substituted hemicyanine reporter and a benzaldehyde-derived recognition moiety.
Investigated the PA activation mechanism involving aldehyde-amino recognition, carbamate cleavage, and 1,6-elimination.
Evaluated QSH-NE's sensitivity, activation fold, and response rate in vitro and its efficacy for in vivo imaging in animal models.

Main Results:

QSH-NE demonstrated high sensitivity, a significant activation fold, and a good response rate for NE detection in vitro.
The probe enabled noninvasive monitoring of depression progression in live animal brains.
Quantitative PA signal analysis allowed for assessment of drug intervention efficacy.

Conclusions:

The novel
Recognizing-Releasing
strategy offers improved specificity for NE detection.
QSH-NE serves as a versatile tool for depression research, advancing diagnostic capabilities.
This approach provides a platform for developing new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for depression.