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Related Concept Videos

Solvents01:12

Solvents

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A solvent is a substance, most often a liquid, that can dissolve other substances. Here, the substance being dissolved is called a solute. When a solvent and a solute combine, they form a solution - a homogenous mixture of both the solvent and the solute. Water is a universal biological solvent. Its polar structure allows it to dissolve many other polar compounds. The ability of water to dissolve is governed by a balance between water molecules binding to each other and binding to the solute.
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Aqueous Solutions and Heats of Hydration02:42

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Water and other polar molecules are attracted to ions. The electrostatic attraction between an ion and a molecule with a dipole is called an ion-dipole attraction. These attractions play an important role in the dissolution of ionic compounds in water.
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Hydration of Cement01:24

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Hydration of cement is a chemical reaction between cement particles and water. This process occurs primarily through two mechanisms: through-solution and topochemical. In the through-solution process, anhydrous compounds dissolve into their constituents, hydrates form in the solution, and then precipitate from the supersaturated solution. The topochemical process involves solid-state reactions at the cement particle surface. The through-solution process dominates the topochemical process at the...
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Titration in Nonaqueous Solvents01:16

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Most acid-base titrations are performed in an aqueous medium. In aqueous titrations, water competes with weaker acids or bases for proton donation or acceptance, leading to ambiguous endpoints in the titration curve. Water also affects the partial ionization of weak acids or bases. For example, water accepts a proton from acetic acid to form hydronium and acetate ions. The hydronium ion formed is a stronger acid than acetic acid, and the acetate ion is a stronger base than water. As a result,...
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Cellulose and Pectic Polysaccharides01:15

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 Every plant cell has a cell wall that protects the cell, provides structural support, and gives the cell shape. Cellulose, the main structural component of the plant cell wall, makes up over 30% of plant matter. It is the most abundant organic compound on earth.  Cellulose is an unbranched polysaccharide composed of linear chains of glucose molecules linked by β (1→4) glycosidic bonds.
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Green Algae01:21

Green Algae

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Green algae, also referred to as chlorophytes, are different from red algae in having the chloroplasts containing chlorophylls a and b, which give them their distinct green hue. However, they lack phycobiliproteins, preventing them from developing the red or blue-green pigmentation seen in red algae. In terms of photosynthetic pigment composition, green algae closely resemble plants and share a close evolutionary relationship with them. Taxonomically Green algae belong to Phylum Chlorophyta in...
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Preparation of Binary and Ternary Deep Eutectic Systems
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Cellulose microfiber production from green seaweed Ulva lactuca using hydrated deep eutectic solvent.

Rizfi Fariz Pari1,2, Safrina Dyah Hardiningtyas2, Wahyu Ramadhan2,3

  • 1Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.

Biotechnology Letters
|February 5, 2026
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Summary

Hydrated deep eutectic solvents (DESs) can tune seaweed cellulose microstructures. The choline chloride:urea formulation specifically created high-quality seaweed cellulose microfibers (SCMFs) with tunable properties.

Keywords:
Cellulose microfibersCellulose microparticlesHydrated deep eutectic solventPretreatmentSeaweed biomass

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Materials Science
  • Sustainable Chemistry

Background:

  • Cellulose, a versatile biopolymer, is abundant in seaweed.
  • Developing methods to control cellulose microstructure is crucial for advanced applications.
  • Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) offer tunable properties for biomass processing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the use of hydrated deep eutectic solvents (DESs) for tailoring seaweed cellulose microstructures.
  • To explore the influence of DES composition on cellulose morphology, crystallinity, and surface chemistry.
  • To identify sustainable methods for producing specific seaweed cellulose structures.

Main Methods:

  • Extraction of cellulose from Ulva lactuca using a sequential chemical protocol.
  • Treatment of extracted cellulose with 30% hydrated DESs (choline chloride or betaine with urea, citric acid, or oxalic acid) combined with mechanical shearing.
  • Characterization of resulting cellulose microstructures (morphology, diameter, crystallinity, surface chemistry) using various analytical techniques.

Main Results:

  • Most DES combinations produced spherical seaweed cellulose microparticles (605-777 nm).
  • The choline chloride:urea DES formulation successfully yielded high-quality seaweed cellulose microfibers (SCMFs) (372 nm diameter) with excellent water dispersibility (134 nm hydrodynamic diameter, PDI 0.23).
  • DES composition influenced cellulose structure: ChCl:urea resulted in amorphous SCMFs, while other DESs increased microparticle crystallinity. ChCl:oxalic acid introduced carboxyl groups.

Conclusions:

  • Hydrated DESs provide a sustainable biotechnology approach to precisely control seaweed cellulose morphology, crystallinity, and surface functionalization.
  • The choice of DES components (hydrogen bond donor and acceptor) is critical in determining the final cellulose microstructure.
  • This tunable approach opens possibilities for novel seaweed-derived cellulose materials.