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Related Concept Videos

Ion Channels01:19

Ion Channels

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The movement of ions like sodium, potassium, and calcium into and out of the cell is essential to maintain the electrochemical gradient in living cells. The ion channels—a class of membrane transport proteins—help maintain this ionic gradient for the smooth functioning of physiological activities such as maintaining cell size and volume, conducting nerve impulses, and gas and nutrient exchange.
Ion channels are specialized integral membrane proteins on the plasma membrane that allow...
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What is Natural Selection?01:32

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Natural selection is an evolutionary process in which individuals with survival-promoting traits reproduce at higher rates. These favorable traits become more common within a population or species. Naturally selected traits initially arise via random genetic mutations. In order for selection to occur, there must be variation within a population, the trait controlling the variation must be heritable, and there must be an evolutionary advantage for variation in the trait.
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Natural selection influences the frequencies of particular alleles and phenotypes within populations in several different ways. Primarily, natural selection can be directional, stabilizing, or disruptive. Directional selection favors one extreme trait and shifts the population towards that phenotype while selecting against individuals displaying alternate traits. Stabilizing selection favors an intermediate trait with a narrow range of variation. Deviation from the optimal phenotype towards an...
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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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Non-gated Ion Channels01:24

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Ion channels are specialized proteins on the plasma membrane that allow charged ions to pass down their electrochemical gradient. Their main function is to maintain the membrane potential which is critical for cell viability. These channels are either gated or non-gated and can transport more than a thousand ions within milliseconds for the cellular event to occur.
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Updated: Feb 7, 2026

In Situ SIMS and IR Spectroscopy of Well-defined Surfaces Prepared by Soft Landing of Mass-selected Ions
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Selectivity Filter Dynamics Define Ion Conductance and Selectivity Differences in CNG and HCN Channels.

Haoran Liu1,2, Klaus Benndorf3, Yessenbek K Aldakul1,2

  • 1Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany.

Advanced Science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)
|February 5, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Molecular dynamics simulations reveal distinct ion channel structures. Differences in selectivity filters explain how cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) and hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels conduct ions differently.

Keywords:
CNG channelsHCN channelsion selectivitymolecular dynamics (MD) simulationsselectivity filtersingle‐channel patch‐clamp electrophysiology

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Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Ion Channel Physiology

Background:

  • Cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) and hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels are crucial for cellular electrical signaling.
  • These channels share sequence similarity but differ in ion conductance, selectivity, and voltage dependence.
  • Understanding these differences is key to their diverse physiological roles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To directly compare the ion conduction mechanisms of HCN and CNG channels.
  • To elucidate the structural and dynamic determinants of differential ion selectivity and conductance.
  • To provide a mechanistic basis for channel function and guide future channel design.

Main Methods:

  • Microsecond-timescale atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulations.
  • Utilized the K+-selective channel MthK as a reference.
  • Analysis of ion conduction pathways and selectivity filter dynamics.

Main Results:

  • Simulations accurately reproduced experimental electrophysiology data.
  • Distinct selectivity filter architectures and dynamics were identified as key differences.
  • These filter properties directly explain variations in ion conductance and K+ selectivity.

Conclusions:

  • Structural and dynamic features of selectivity filters dictate ion permeation properties.
  • Provides a mechanistic understanding of HCN and CNG channel functional divergence.
  • Enables rational design of novel cation channels with specific properties.