Exosomal MicroRNAs: From cellular communication to disease biomarkers

Exosomes, extracellular vesicles secreted by various cell types, encapsulate specific microRNAs that play a critical role in biological processes, particularly intercellular communication. Exosomal microRNAs play a significant role in health and disease, as they regulate gene expression, modulate immune responses, and influence various signaling pathways. In healthy individuals, exosomal microRNAs contribute to homeostasis by facilitating tissue repair, regulating metabolic processes, and maintaining effective cellular communication. However, dysfunction in their activity may result in various health concerns, including cardiovascular disorders, neurological diseases, and cancer. This review will explore biogenesis, mechanisms of action, and roles of exosomal microRNAs in health and disease. A comprehensive understanding of these biomarkers highlights their potential as diagnostic tools and therapeutic targets, thereby paving the way for innovative disease management strategies and the advancement of personalized medicine. Notably, most therapeutic applications of exosomal miRNAs remain at the preclinical or early translational stage, and further standardization and clinical validation are required before widespread implementation.