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Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Cellular Affinity of Particle-Stabilized Emulsion to Boost Antigen Internalization
Published on: September 2, 2022
High internal phase emulsion stabilized by casein-nanocellulose composite with the aid of ultrasound
Zhangyue Shen1, Xiuqin Wang1, Xianbing Xu1
1National Engineering Research Center for Seafood, State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Provincial and Ministerial Co-construction for Seafood Deep Processing, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center for Marine Food Deep Processing, Dalian Technology Innovation Center for Chinese Pre-made Food, College of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China.
Abstract:
This study modified cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) with casein (CA) using ultrasound (U). Ultrasound treatment (U-CA-CNC) reduced particle size and created uniform filamentous networks compared to just CA-CNC. Analysis showed enhanced hydrogen bonding between CA and CNC due to ultrasound. U-CA-CNC and CA-CNC significantly improved interfacial properties: contact angle increased while interfacial tension decreased sharply. Consequently, high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs) stabilized by these modified particles, especially at CA:CNC ratios of 1:1.5 or 1:2, had smaller droplet sizes, higher elasticity (G'), and higher viscosity. These HIPEs remained stable without delamination after 15 days at 4 °C when inverted and showed lower oxidation (TBARS). Ultrasound effectively improved the CA-CNC interfacial properties, enabling stable HIPEs with enhanced rheology.
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