The application of MOF-based drug delivery systems in tumor immunotherapy

Tumor immunotherapy demonstrates considerable promise in activating the body's immune system. Nonetheless, the tumor microenvironment presents a significant challenge to the efficacy of this therapy. Metal-organic framework compounds (MOFs) possess substantial potential for clinical application in tumor immunotherapy, attributed to their high porosity, extensive surface area, adjustable structures, and responsiveness to light and sound. Researchers have developed various MOF-based drug delivery systems designed to modulate the tumor microenvironment (TME) by leveraging these properties as drug carriers. This study begins with a thorough overview of the fundamental characteristics of MOFs, including their structural attributes and synthesis methods. It subsequently provides an in-depth discussion on the mechanisms by which MOF-based drug delivery systems can influence the tumor microenvironment, focusing on the therapeutic targets of tumor immunotherapy and the synergistic application of immunotherapy alongside other therapy modalities (chemotherapy, radiotherapy, photodynamic therapy, sonodynamic therapy, chemodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy, and microwave therapy). Finally, the study addresses the numerous challenges MOF-based immunotherapy encounters in clinical settings.