CLE peptides in plant-biotic interactions

Plant-biotic interactions are driven by the exchange of molecules. Small peptide hormones like CLAVATA3/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION (CLE) peptides play central regulatory roles in these interactions. CLEs determine the extent of symbiotic interaction to balance costs and benefits for the host. In parasitic interactions, CLEs regulate the formation of feeding sites by plant pathogenic nematodes and promote the formation of haustoria in parasitic plants. By reviewing recent findings on CLE functions, their receptors, and responses across different biotic interactions, we provide insights into the increasingly complex roles of CLEs in plant development and nutrient signaling.