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Related Concept Videos

What is Variation?01:14

What is Variation?

18.6K
Apart from the measures of central tendency, distribution, outliers, and the changing characteristics of data with time, an important characteristic of any data set is its variation or spread. In some data sets, the data values are concentrated closely near the mean; in others, the data values are more widely spread out from the mean.
The range, standard deviation, standard error, and variance are the different measures of variation.
Range: The range is the difference between its maximum and...
18.6K
Variation01:19

Variation

8.0K
An important characteristic of any set of data is the variation in the data. In some data sets, the data values are concentrated closely near the mean; in other data sets, the data values are more widely spread out from the mean. The most common measure of variation, or spread, is the standard deviation, which is the square root of variance.
When independent and dependent variables are plotted on a scatter plot, the slope of a line is a value that describes the rate of change between the two...
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Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation02:53

Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation

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Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
The recognition sites for Cre recombinase called LoxP...
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Structural Joints: Synovial Joints01:16

Structural Joints: Synovial Joints

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Synovial joints are the most common type of joint in the body. A key structural characteristic for a synovial joint is the presence of a joint cavity. This fluid-filled space is where the articulating surfaces of the bones contact each other. Also, unlike fibrous or cartilaginous joints, the articulating bone surfaces at a synovial joint are not directly connected to each other with fibrous connective tissue or cartilage. This gives the bones of a synovial joint the ability to move smoothly...
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pH Scale02:41

pH Scale

80.0K
Hydronium and hydroxide ions are present both in pure water and in all aqueous solutions, and their concentrations are inversely proportional as determined by the ion product of water (Kw). The concentrations of these ions in a solution are often critical determinants of the solution’s properties and the chemical behaviors of its other solutes. Two different solutions can differ in their hydronium or hydroxide ion concentrations by a million, billion, or even trillion times. A common means of...
80.0K
Structural Joints: Fibrous Joints01:03

Structural Joints: Fibrous Joints

3.8K
Fibrous joints are a type of joint where the bones are connected by fibrous connective tissue. These joints provide stability and minimal to no movement between the articulating bones. There are three types of fibrous joints.
Suture
All the bones of the skull, except for the mandible, are joined to each other by a fibrous joint called a suture. The fibrous connective tissue found at a suture strongly unites the adjacent skull bones and thus helps to protect the brain and form the face. In...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 7, 2026

The Nematode Caenorhabditis Elegans - A Versatile In Vivo Model to Study Host-microbe Interactions
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The Nematode Caenorhabditis Elegans - A Versatile In Vivo Model to Study Host-microbe Interactions

Published on: October 18, 2017

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Host and Microbe Scale Processes Jointly Shape Spatial Variation in Aphaenogaster (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)associated

Daniel Malagon1, Benjamin Camper1, Sophie Millard1

  • 1Clemson University.

Research Square
|February 6, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Spatial processes at host and microbe scales shape host-associated microbes like Wolbachia in ants. Environmental selection and dispersal interact across these scales, influencing microbial distribution.

Keywords:
AphaenogasterWolbachiadispersal limitationenvironmental selectionhost-associated microbesmultiscale

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Assessing the Viability of a Synthetic Bacterial Consortium on the In Vitro Gut Host-microbe Interface
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Assessing the Viability of a Synthetic Bacterial Consortium on the In Vitro Gut Host-microbe Interface

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Maintaining Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes Infected with Wolbachia
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Maintaining Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes Infected with Wolbachia

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 7, 2026

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Assessing the Viability of a Synthetic Bacterial Consortium on the In Vitro Gut Host-microbe Interface
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Maintaining Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes Infected with Wolbachia
09:23

Maintaining Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes Infected with Wolbachia

Published on: August 14, 2017

14.7K

Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Microbiology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Host-associated (HA) microbes face selection and dispersal at both microbe and host scales.
  • HA microbes must adapt to their host's microenvironment and the macroenvironment the host inhabits.
  • Dispersal occurs both between hosts (microbe-scale) and via host movement (host-scale).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how host- and microbe-scale spatial processes influence the distribution of Wolbachia endosymbionts.
  • To understand the spatial variation of HA microbes, which is more complex than for free-living organisms.

Main Methods:

  • Examined spatial variation in Wolbachia relative abundance across host ants and host lineages.
  • Assessed correlations between host- and microbe-scale environmental selection.
  • Utilized host lineage distributions and co-occurrence data to disentangle scale-dependent processes.

Main Results:

  • Significant spatial variation in Wolbachia abundance was observed at both host (landscape) and microbe (lineage) scales.
  • A correlation between host- and microbe-scale environmental selection was found, complicating isolated effect assessments.
  • Both host- and microbe-scale processes were shown to contribute to spatial variation in the studied ant system.

Conclusions:

  • Spatial variation in HA microbes is governed by interacting factors across multiple scales.
  • Understanding HA microbial spatial ecology requires considering both microbe- and host-level processes.
  • The complexity of HA microbial spatial distributions stems from the interplay of selection and dispersal at distinct scales.