External variables influencing the attitudes of students toward AI acceptance in improving English writing: a...

The aim of this systematic review is to examine and synthesize existing empirical evidence on external variables that influence students' attitudes toward the acceptance of artificial intelligence (AI) in improving English writing skills. This research offers a conceptual framework, AI Constructivist Learning Model (AICLM), based on Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and Constructivist Learning Theory (CLT). Motivation, engagement, and societal expectations, based on CLT, are identified as external variables in TAM. These three constructs support active, autonomous, and student-centered learning. A systematic search of academic databases was conducted following PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. Sixteen empirical studies published from 2021 to 2025, indexed in Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, were included in this review. Articles were selected on the basis of certain keywords such as, AI, English writing, TAM, and CLT. Findings indicate that students perceive the ease of use and usefulness of AI if they have high motivation, more engagement, and positive societal expectations. Therefore, motivation, engagement, and societal expectations are significant external variables that influence the attitudes of students toward AI acceptance in improving English writing. AI integration in English writing development can be successful if the interaction between the constructs of TAM and CLT is understood well. CLT supports why and how students engage actively with AI tools. Students are more likely to accept AI if it increases motivation enhances engagement and fulfils societal expectations. This conceptual framework is significant for future researchers and teachers in designing effective AI-based writing instructional strategies and curricula.