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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Measuring Frailty in HIV-infected Individuals. Identification of Frail Patients is the First Step to Amelioration and Reversal of Frailty
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Heart Stress, Frailty and Mortality Risk in two prospective cohorts.

Yaqi Huang1, Meng Hao1,2, Shuai Jiang3

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Huadong Hospital, Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.

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Summary

Frailty and heart stress (HS) significantly increase mortality risk. Combining frailty and HS poses the highest risk, highlighting the need for integrated assessments to improve patient outcomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology and Public Health
  • Cardiology and Internal Medicine
  • Biostatistics and Epidemiology

Background:

  • Frailty is a complex syndrome linked to aging and increased mortality.
  • Heart stress (HS) is also an independent risk factor for mortality.
  • The combined impact of frailty and HS on mortality is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between combined frailty and heart stress (HS) and all-cause mortality.
  • To determine if individuals with both frailty and HS face a higher mortality risk compared to those with one or neither condition.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective cohort study utilizing data from NHANES and HRS.
  • Frailty assessed via self-report, biomarkers, and combined indices.
  • Heart stress (HS) defined by elevated NT-proBNP levels.
  • Cox proportional hazard models used to analyze mortality risk.

Main Results:

  • Participants with frailty and/or HS showed significantly elevated mortality risk (HRs 1.81-5.54).
  • The highest mortality risk was observed in individuals with both frailty and HS.
  • Specific HRs for combined frailty and HS ranged from 3.43 to 5.54 across cohorts and frailty indices.

Conclusions:

  • The co-occurrence of frailty and heart stress (HS) is common and significantly increases mortality risk.
  • Integrating HS assessment into frailty evaluations can enhance risk stratification.
  • These findings support targeted interventions for individuals with both frailty and HS.