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Evidence for Anal Dysplasia Treatment.
Luiz Felipe de Campos-Lobato1, Arielle E Kanters2, Paulo Gonçalves de Oliveira1
1Department of Surgery, University of Brasília School of Medicine, Brasília, Brazil.
Clinics in Colon and Rectal Surgery
|February 6, 2026
Summary
Active treatment of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions significantly reduces anal cancer progression. This highlights the importance of proactive management for anal dysplasia, especially in high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV)-infected individuals.
Area of Science:
- Oncology
- Virology
- Public Health
Background:
- Anal dysplasia, often caused by high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV), is a precursor to anal cancer (AC).
- High-risk populations, including HIV-positive individuals, face increased AC risk.
- Current management strategies for anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN) require evaluation.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review evidence for treating anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN).
- To focus on advancements in AIN treatment, particularly in light of the ANCHOR trial.
- To emphasize proactive treatment over passive monitoring for reducing anal cancer progression.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of AIN treatment modalities.
- Analysis of data from the Anal Cancer/HSIL Outcomes Research Study (ANCHOR) trial.
- Evaluation of efficacy and limitations of various treatment options.
Main Results:
- Active treatment of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) markedly reduced progression to anal cancer (AC).
- Proactive treatment strategies are more effective than passive monitoring.
- Various treatments like topical agents, electrocautery, and HPV vaccination show potential but have limitations.
Conclusions:
- Integrating screening and targeted interventions is crucial for reducing AC incidence, especially in high-risk groups.
- Further research is needed to validate findings across diverse demographics.
- Refining public health policies and clinical guidelines for effective AIN screening and treatment is essential.
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