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Related Concept Videos

Endocarditis II: Clinical Features of Infective Endocarditis01:25

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Endocarditis can present various clinical features depending on the causative organism and the patient's underlying health conditions. Initially, the clinical features of infective endocarditis develop gradually, presenting with nonspecific symptoms that can be easily mistaken for other illnesses.General SymptomsEarly symptoms of infective endocarditis are fever, chills, weakness, malaise, fatigue, and weight loss. These symptoms reflect the systemic nature of the infection and the body's...
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Endocarditis I: Introduction01:25

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Introduction:Endocarditis is the infection of the endocardium, the inner lining of the heart and its valves. When the heart muscle is involved, the condition is termed myocarditis, while an infection of the outer lining is called pericarditis. Infective endocarditis (IE) primarily affects the endocardium, where pathogens adhere to the valves or lining, forming vegetation that can lead to severe complications. Infective endocarditis occurs when microorganisms, usually bacteria from other body...
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Although digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids may begin in the stomach, it is completed in the intestine. The absorption of nutrients, water, and electrolytes from food and drink also occurs in the intestine. The intestines can be divided into two structurally distinct organs—the small and large intestines.
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Infective endocarditis management involves a multifaceted approach encompassing infection prevention, lifestyle modifications, pharmacological therapy, and surgical management.Infection Prevention:Hand Hygiene: Thorough handwashing is crucial to prevent the spread of infection. Hand hygiene should be performed regularly, especially before and after using the restroom.Oral Hygiene: Good oral hygiene is essential. It includes brushing teeth immediately after waking up and before bed, flossing...
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Endocarditis IV: Nursing Management01:29

Endocarditis IV: Nursing Management

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Infective endocarditis (IE) is a chronic infection of the heart's endocardium, primarily affecting the heart valves. A detailed nursing assessment for a patient with IE involves collecting subjective and objective data to ensure an accurate diagnosis and timely intervention.Subjective DataThe nurse gathers information about the patient's symptoms and complaints during the subjective assessment. Patients with infective endocarditis often report non-specific symptoms that can mimic other...
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The small intestine is primarily responsible for digestion and nutrient absorption. It spans from the pyloric sphincter to the ileocecal valve and connects to the large intestine.
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Chronic Salmonella Infection Induced Intestinal Fibrosis
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Infective endocarditis in children with chronic intestinal failure.

Divya Pandey1, Veena Logarajah1, Lay Queen Ng1

  • 1Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Paediatric Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore.

Intestinal Failure (New York, N.Y.)
|February 6, 2026
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Infective endocarditis (IE) is a rare risk in children with intestinal failure (IF) requiring parenteral nutrition (PN). Early cardiac surveillance is recommended for high-risk pediatric IF patients to ensure timely diagnosis and intervention.

Keywords:
Catheter-related venous thrombosisCentral venous access devicesInfective endocarditisIntestinal failureParenteral nutrition

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Cardiology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Infective endocarditis (IE) is a serious complication in pediatric patients with chronic intestinal failure (IF).
  • Patients with IF often require long-term parenteral nutrition (PN) via central venous access devices (CVADs), increasing IE risk.
  • This study investigates IE incidence, clinical features, and outcomes in children with IF at a single institution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the incidence of infective endocarditis (IE) in pediatric patients with chronic intestinal failure (IF) dependent on long-term parenteral nutrition (PN).
  • To describe the clinical features and outcomes of IE in this high-risk pediatric population.
  • To evaluate the association between IE and factors such as catheter duration, bloodstream infections, and venous thrombosis.

Main Methods:

  • A retrospective descriptive study was conducted on pediatric patients (0-18 years) with chronic IF requiring PN for over 60 days between 2013 and 2024.
  • Infective endocarditis (IE) diagnosis was confirmed using modified Duke criteria.
  • Data on patient characteristics, IE episodes, treatment, and outcomes were collected and analyzed.

Main Results:

  • Five IE episodes occurred in 4 out of 29 pediatric IF patients, with an overall incidence of 0.144 per 1000 catheter days.
  • Patients with IE had significantly longer catheter durations, more central line-associated bloodstream infections, and a higher prevalence of catheter-related venous thrombosis compared to those without IE.
  • All IE cases resolved with antimicrobial therapy; outcomes included one death from complications, one patient achieving enteral autonomy, and two successful intestinal transplantations.

Conclusions:

  • Infective endocarditis (IE), though uncommon, presents significant risks for pediatric patients with intestinal failure (IF).
  • Factors such as prolonged central venous access device (CVAD) use, central line-associated bloodstream infections, and venous thrombosis are associated with IE in this population.
  • Early cardiac surveillance in high-risk pediatric IF patients is crucial for timely diagnosis and intervention, potentially improving outcomes.