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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 7, 2026

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What Is a Biosensor?-A Terminological Guide From Biomolecular Recognition to Bioindicators.

Tim E Weber1, Anna Fritschen1, Menno W J Prins2

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review clarifies the evolving definition of biosensors, encompassing diverse technologies and applications from medicine to consumer devices. It redefines biosensors beyond molecular recognition to include sensing biological systems and using biological systems for sensing.

Keywords:
biomolecular sensorbiosensorchemical biosensorclassificationphysical biosensor

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Synthetic Biology

Background:

  • Biosensors are crucial in medicine, research, and consumer applications (point-of-care, wearables).
  • Technological advancements include spectroscopic sensing, artificial bioreceptors, synthetic biology, whole-cell biosensors, and AI.
  • The expanding scope blurs the traditional definition of biosensors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of biosensor sensing approaches and applications.
  • To clarify the physical, chemical, biochemical, and biological principles underlying biosensors.
  • To re-evaluate and broaden the definition of biosensors.

Main Methods:

  • Review of diverse sensing approaches (spectroscopic, bioreceptors, synthetic biology, whole-cell, AI).
  • Analysis of physical, chemical, biochemical, and biological principles.
  • Examination of applications in nonliving and living systems.

Main Results:

  • Identification of a wide array of biosensor technologies and their underlying principles.
  • Categorization of biosensor applications across various fields.
  • Demonstration of the broadened scope of biosensing.

Conclusions:

  • The term biosensor now encompasses a wider range of technologies and applications than traditionally defined.
  • Biosensing includes not only molecular recognition devices but also the sensing of living systems and the use of biological systems for sensing.
  • A comprehensive understanding is needed to appreciate the full scope of modern biosensors.