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Volatilization01:10

Volatilization

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Volatilization gravimetry is an analytical technique that measures the mass lost due to the volatilization of the substance. This technique is used to estimate the amount of volatile material in a sample. To perform this method, heat a known amount of the sample to a high temperature in a crucible or other suitable vessel. The volatile substance in the sample evaporates, and the vapor is completely expelled from the crucible either by heating the sample or bubbling a stream of inert gas through...
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Surveying near highways, rough terrain, or power lines involves significant risks. Working along highways is particularly dangerous and requires the use of warning signs and flagmen. It is safest to avoid working directly on roads and use offsets whenever possible. When highway work is unavoidable, it must follow all safety guidelines. Surveyors should wear bright clothing, such as orange reflective vests, to ensure visibility to motorists, coworkers, and hunters. In construction zones, wearing...
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Companies that supply power to most modern households use three conductors, typically called a three-wire line. While one is neutral, the other two are both at 120 V but with opposite polarity, giving a voltage of 240 V between them. With a three-wire line, high-power appliances that require 240 V, such as electric stoves and clothes dryers, are linked between the two hot lines. 120 V appliances can be connected between the neutral and either of the hot lines. The neutral side, which is always...
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Structures of Solids02:22

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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Isomerism in Complexes
Isomers are different chemical species that have the same chemical formula. Structural isomerism of coordination compounds can be divided into two subcategories, the linkage isomers and coordination-sphere isomers.
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Lipids include a diverse group of compounds that are largely nonpolar in nature. This is because they are hydrocarbons that include mostly nonpolar carbon-carbon or carbon-hydrogen bonds. Non-polar molecules are hydrophobic (“water fearing”), or insoluble in water. Lipids perform many different functions in a cell. Cells store energy for long-term use in the form of fats. Lipids also provide insulation from the environment for plants and animals. For example, they help keep aquatic...
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Rethinking structural safety for a volatile century.

Gang Xu1, Tong Guo1, Ai-Qun Li1

  • 1Key Laboratory of Concrete and Prestressed Concrete Structures of the Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China.

Fundamental Research
|February 6, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Structural design must evolve beyond outdated assumptions to address climate change. Prioritizing resilience, adaptability, and sustainability is crucial for future infrastructure development and survival.

Keywords:
Carbon footprintClimate adaptationLifecycle engineeringMulti-hazard resiliencePost-disaster recoveryStructural sustainability

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Area of Science:

  • Structural Engineering
  • Climate Resilience
  • Infrastructure Design

Background:

  • Current structural design frameworks rely on outdated assumptions about isolated hazards, material degradation, and prevention through overdesign.
  • Accelerating climate volatility, cascading disasters, and carbon constraints render traditional approaches untenable.
  • Modern infrastructure faces compound risks (e.g., earthquake-flood sequences, heat-induced corrosion) that existing codes do not anticipate.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To advocate for a fundamental redefinition of structural safety.
  • To shift focus from resistance to resilience, rigidity to adaptability, and excess to sustainability.
  • To align structural engineering with emerging paradigms in resilience engineering, disaster risk reduction, and adaptive infrastructure.

Main Methods:

  • Emphasizing systems thinking, robustness, and long-term functionality under uncertainty.
  • Integrating innovative tools like AI-driven diagnostics and lifecycle modeling frameworks.
  • Developing new materials (durable, repairable, low-carbon) and quantifiable metrics (recovery duration, embodied carbon, residual functionality).

Main Results:

  • Conventional safety approaches often involve carbon-intensive construction, worsening environmental crises.
  • Rethinking structural safety aligns with resilience engineering and adaptive design principles.
  • The study proposes a new framework for structural safety focused on adaptability and sustainability.

Conclusions:

  • Structural engineers must become strategists for climate-ready, socially responsive infrastructure.
  • The next generation of structural design must ensure infrastructure serves, recovers, and regenerates.
  • A paradigm shift is needed to create infrastructure capable of enduring a volatile century.