Neuronal microscale biophysical instability mediates macroscale network dynamics shaping pathological manifestations

Subtle changes in membrane excitability may contribute to neurological disease, but disease-relevant dynamical signatures that generalize across models remain poorly defined. Here, we quantified variability in action potential initiation in Drosophila neurons expressing tauopathy- or epilepsy-associated mutations and in human iPSC-derived neurons from patients with Alzheimer's disease or epilepsy. Across these models, disease-associated neurons exhibited increased instability in spike timing relative to controls. In Drosophila neurons, this phenotype was accompanied by increased variability in voltage-gated sodium currents during non-stationary inactivation, identifying a candidate biophysical contributor to altered spike initiation. Antiepileptic drugs reduced sodium-current variability and stabilized spike initiation in fly neurons, and similarly improved spike-timing instability in patient-derived human neurons. In the fly models, neuronal instability was also associated with altered circuit- and brain-state readouts. Together, these findings identify unstable spike initiation as a conserved electrophysiological phenotype across distinct neurological disease models and suggest that sodium-channel-dependent variability may contribute to this phenotype. Rather than establishing a complete multiscale causal framework, our study defines a tractable cellular and dynamical entry point for investigating how subtle perturbations in intrinsic excitability may scale toward circuit dysfunction and disease-relevant phenotypes.

Linking microscale neuronal changes to macroscale disease phenotypes remains a key challenge in neuroscience biophysics. Here, we show that neurons from Drosophila models of tauopathy and epilepsy and human iPSC-derived neurons from patients with Alzheimer's disease and epilepsy share increased biophysical instability in their local neural activities. In fly neurons, this phenotype is associated with increased variability in voltage-gated sodium currents and is reduced by antiepileptic treatment. These findings define unstable local spike variability as a conserved dynamical signature across distinct disease models and nominate sodium-current variability as a mechanistically testable, pharmacologically reversible contributor to pathological excitability.