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Translesion DNA Polymerases02:10

Translesion DNA Polymerases

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Translesion (TLS) polymerases rescue stalled DNA polymerases at sites of damaged bases by replacing the replicative polymerase and installing a nucleotide across the damaged site. Doing so, TLS allows additional time for the cell to repair the damage before resuming regular DNA replication.
TLS polymerases are found in all three domains of life - archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes. Of the different classes of TLS polymerases, members of the Y family are fitted with specialized structures that...
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Yeasts are single-celled organisms, but unlike bacteria, they are eukaryotes (cells with a nucleus). Cell signaling in yeast is similar to signaling in other eukaryotic cells. A ligand, such as a protein or a small molecule released from a yeast cell, attaches to a receptor on the cell surface. The binding stimulates second-messenger kinases to activate or inactivate transcription factors that further regulate gene expression. Many of the yeast intracellular signaling cascades have similar...
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Mutations01:39

Mutations

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Mutations01:35

Mutations

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Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by exposure to environmental factors. Mutations can be characterized in a number of different ways: whether and how they alter the amino acid sequence of the protein, whether they occur over a small or large area of DNA, and whether they occur in somatic cells or germline cells.
Chromosomal Alterations Are Large-Scale Mutations
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Boiling Point Elevation
The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which its vapor pressure is equal to ambient atmospheric pressure. Since the vapor pressure of a solution is lowered due to the presence of nonvolatile solutes, it stands to reason that the solution’s boiling point will subsequently be increased. Vapor pressure increases with temperature, and so a solution will require a higher temperature than will pure solvent to achieve any given vapor pressure, including one...
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Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

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A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Determination of the Mating Efficiency of Haploids in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
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Determination of the Mating Efficiency of Haploids in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

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Elevated mutation in haploid yeast driven by translesion synthesis.

Jacob Fredette-Roman, Denise R Smith, Sanad B Omari

    Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
    |February 6, 2026
    PubMed
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    Haploid yeast cells exhibit higher mutation rates than diploid cells due to increased reliance on error-prone translesion synthesis (TLS). Deleting the REV1 gene, crucial for TLS, equalizes mutation rates between haploid and diploid yeast.

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    Area of Science:

    • Evolutionary biology
    • Molecular genetics
    • Yeast genetics

    Background:

    • Mutation patterns are influenced by selection and genetic drift, but their relative impacts remain unclear.
    • Haploid *Saccharomyces cerevisiae* cells show higher mutation rates than diploid cells, potentially due to limited selection acting on this cell type.
    • Elevated mutation in haploid genomes occurs in late-replicating regions, suggesting involvement of error-prone translesion synthesis (TLS) repair.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate if the preferential use of TLS by haploids explains genome-wide mutation pattern differences between haploid and diploid yeast.
    • To determine the role of the *REV1* gene in differential mutation rates between yeast cell types.

    Main Methods:

    • Mutation accumulation experiments were conducted in both haploid and diploid *Saccharomyces cerevisiae*.
    • The *REV1* gene, essential for initiating TLS, was deleted in both cell types (*rev1*Δ strains).
    • Single nucleotide mutation rates were estimated and compared between wild-type and *rev1*Δ haploid and diploid strains.

    Main Results:

    • Wild-type haploid yeast exhibited a 50% higher single nucleotide mutation rate compared to wild-type diploid yeast.
    • Deletion of *REV1* eliminated this difference, causing mutation rates in haploid and diploid *rev1*Δ strains to converge.
    • The *REV1* gene was found to be crucial for mitochondrial genome maintenance in both yeast cell types.

    Conclusions:

    • The mutagenic impact of translesion synthesis (TLS) is significantly stronger in haploid yeast, likely due to limited selection opportunities.
    • Differential reliance on TLS contributes to distinct genome-wide mutation patterns observed between haploid and diploid yeast.
    • *REV1* plays a significant role in maintaining the integrity of both nuclear and mitochondrial genomes in *Saccharomyces cerevisiae*.