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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to Membrane Proteins01:16

Introduction to Membrane Proteins

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The cell membrane, or plasma membrane, is an ever-changing landscape. It is described as a fluid mosaic where various macromolecules are embedded in the phospholipid bilayer. Among the macromolecules are proteins. The protein content varies across cell types. For example, mitochondrial inner membranes contain ~76% protein content, while myelin contains ~18% protein content. Individual cells contain many types of membrane proteins—red blood cells contain over 50—and different cell...
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Membrane Proteins01:30

Membrane Proteins

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Plasma membranes have integral transmembrane proteins involved in facilitated transport. These proteins are collectively referred to as transport proteins, and they function as either channels for the material or as carriers themselves. Channel proteins have hydrophilic domains exposed to the intracellular and extracellular fluids and a hydrophilic channel through their core that provides a hydrated opening for solutes to pass through the membrane layers. Passage through the channel allows...
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Protein Diffusion in the Membrane01:24

Protein Diffusion in the Membrane

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Proteins show rotational as well as lateral diffusion across the membrane. The lateral diffusion of proteins was confirmed through the cell fusion experiment where mouse and human cells were fused, resulting in hybrid cells. When the human and mouse cells fused, the specific membrane proteins on human and mouse cells were marked with the red and green-fluorescent markers, respectively. Initially, the red and green fluorescence was located on the respective hemisphere of the cell. As time...
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Tail-anchoring of Proteins in the ER Membrane01:45

Tail-anchoring of Proteins in the ER Membrane

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Tail-anchored, or TA, proteins are estimated to make up to 3-5% of membrane proteins found in the eukaryotic cell. Such proteins have a single transmembrane domain located approximately 30 amino acid residues upstream from the C-terminal end. As a result, the signal recognition particle (SRP) cannot guide a TA protein to the ER membrane for cotranslational insertion. Hence, they are integrated into the ER membrane post-translationally using their C-terminal end as the anchor. TA proteins...
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Protein Translocation Machinery on the ER Membrane01:28

Protein Translocation Machinery on the ER Membrane

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The translocon complex situated on the ER membrane is the main gateway for the protein secretory pathway. It facilitates the transport of nascent peptides into the ER lumen and their insertion into the ER membrane.
Sec61 protein conducting channel
In eukaryotes, the translocon complex comprises a core heterotrimeric translocator channel called the Sec61 complex. This channel includes three transmembrane proteins, Sec61α, Sec61β, and Sec61γ, and is the largest subunit of the...
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Protein Transport to the Inner Chloroplast Membrane01:18

Protein Transport to the Inner Chloroplast Membrane

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Proteins targeted to the inner chloroplast membrane, or plastid proteins, are transported by two general pathways: the stop-transfer and the re-insertion or post-import pathways. Most plastid proteins carry N-terminal transit sequences and internal import sequences targeting it to the specific chloroplast subcompartment. Proteins targeted by the stop-transfer pathway have internal hydrophobic sequences that inhibit their translocation into the stroma. As a result, these precursors are arrested...
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Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Author Spotlight: A Pseudotype Virus System for Assessing Omicron Subvariants and Neutralizing Antibodies in SARS-CoV-2 Research
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SARS-CoV-2 membrane protein biogenesis.

Juan Ortiz-Mateu1, Guy J Pearson2,3, Marina Rius-Salvador1

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Institute for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BIOTECMED), University of Valencia, Burjassot E-46100, Spain.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
|February 6, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers studied the SARS-CoV-2 M protein

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Production of a SARS-CoV-2 Virus-Like-Particle System to Investigate Viral Life Cycles In Vitro
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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Structural Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Viral protein biogenesis is crucial for virus life cycles.
  • Understanding virus-host interactions can reveal therapeutic targets.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the insertion, folding, and oligomerization of the SARS-CoV-2 M protein.
  • Identify mechanisms of M protein biogenesis and potential therapeutic vulnerabilities.

Main Methods:

  • Biophysical techniques
  • Molecular biology methods
  • Cell biology assays

Main Results:

  • Described sequential co-translational insertion of the M protein's hydrophobic core.
  • Showed slower tertiary structure adoption in the cytosolic C-terminal domain.
  • Characterized transmembrane domain bundle's role in M-protein oligomerization.
  • Identified a hydrophobic cluster critical for folding and co-translational dimerization.
  • Identified cellular machinery, chaperones, and cofactors involved in M protein targeting, insertion, and folding.

Conclusions:

  • Elucidating M protein biogenesis provides insights into virus-host interactions.
  • The identified hydrophobic cluster is essential for M protein folding and dimerization.
  • Cellular factors play a role in M protein maturation within the ER membrane.