Polymer-lipid hybrid nanoparticle enhances mRNA delivery and T cell-mediated immunity

mRNA vaccines have transformed prophylactic immunization against infectious diseases as well as therapeutic interventions for cancer. However, their effectiveness against emerging viral variants and a range of malignancies continues to be hindered by suboptimal induction of T cell-mediated immunity. To overcome this limitation, here we developed a polymer-lipid hybrid nanoparticle (PLNP) platform engineered to improve mRNA delivery to antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and to potentiate T cell responses. Relative to conventional mRNA lipid nanoparticle (LNP) vaccines, mRNA PLNP vaccines demonstrated markedly improved lymph node targeting, APC activation, Th1-biased pro-inflammatory cytokine response, and antigen-specific T cell expansion while retaining robust humoral immunity. Remarkably, mRNA-PLNP vaccines generated approximately 50% more antigen-specific CD8⁺ T cells than mRNA-LNP vaccines across multiple antigens, including SARS-CoV-2 spike, influenza hemagglutinin, and ovalbumin. In prophylactic applications, mRNA PLNP vaccine provided complete protection against SARS-CoV-2 variants. As a therapeutic approach in a melanoma model, mRNA PLNP vaccination resulted in enhanced tumor control and significantly prolonged survival compared to LNP-based formulations. Collectively, these results establish PLNP as a versatile and broadly applicable platform for augmenting mRNA vaccine efficacy through improved mRNA delivery and T cell priming, offering promising implications for infection prevention and cancer immunotherapy.