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Related Concept Videos

Fusion of Secretory Vesicles with the Plasma Membrane01:26

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Proteins and neurotransmitters in secretory vesicles can be released from a cell upon vesicle docking, priming, and fusion with the plasma membrane. Vesicles are docked and primed in preparation for the quick exocytosis of their contents in response to a stimulus. The fusion process is mainly carried out by a SNAP Receptor or SNARE complex, consisting of synaptobrevin, syntaxin-1, and SNAP-25.
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The process of converting very light nuclei into heavier nuclei is also accompanied by the conversion of mass into large amounts of energy, a process called fusion. The principal source of energy in the sun is a net fusion reaction in which four hydrogen nuclei fuse and ultimately produce one helium nucleus and two positrons.
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Angular momentum is directed perpendicular to the plane of the rotation, and its magnitude depends on the choice of the origin. The perpendicular vector joining the linear momentum vector of an object to the origin is called the “lever arm.” If the lever arm and linear momentum are collinear, then the magnitude of the angular momentum is zero. Therefore, in this case, the object rotates about the origin such that it lies on the rim of the circumference defined by the lever arm...
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Linear momentum is a fundamental concept in physics that describes the motion of an object. It is a vector quantity, having a magnitude equal to the product of its mass and its velocity, and direction along the object's velocity. On the other hand, linear impulse, also known as momentum impulse, is a concept in physics related to the change in the linear momentum of an object. Impulse is a vector quantity defined as the product of force and the time over which the force is applied.
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Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Rapid Fluorescence-based Characterization of Single Extracellular Vesicles in Human Blood with Nanoparticle-tracking Analysis
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Single-Particle Characterization Reveals Heterogeneous Extracellular Vesicle Fusion with Liposomes.

Rachel R Mizenko1, Vishalakshi Arun1, David Meshkanian1

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, USA.

Small Methods
|February 6, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Evaluating extracellular vesicle (EV) fusion with liposomes requires advanced methods. This study introduces a multi-metric framework using single-particle techniques to assess fusion efficiency and physical changes for optimized drug delivery.

Keywords:
EV heterogeneityexosomeshybrid vesicleslipid bilayersnanoengineering

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Nanotechnology
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Extracellular vesicles (EVs) fused with liposomes offer enhanced drug delivery.
  • Current methods for assessing EV-liposome fusion are limited, often using bulk measurements.
  • Lack of standardized metrics hinders evaluation of fusion efficiency and physical effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish a comprehensive framework for evaluating EV-liposome fusion.
  • To compare various single-particle techniques for fusion assessment.
  • To characterize physical alterations in EVs post-fusion.

Main Methods:

  • Orthogonal single-particle analysis including Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA), Resistive-Pulse Sensing (RPS), nanoscale flow cytometry, interferometric fluorescence imaging, and Laser Trapping Raman Spectroscopy (LTRS).
  • Evaluation of fusion efficiency, purity, and physical changes across heterogeneous EV populations.
  • Comparative analysis of freeze-thaw and sonication methods for fusion induction.

Main Results:

  • Single-particle techniques revealed significant differences in fused-particle yield.
  • Nanoscale flow cytometry and interferometric fluorescence imaging identified freeze-thaw and sonication as effective fusion methods.
  • Interferometric fluorescence imaging indicated retained, yet reduced, native EV membrane proteins post-fusion, suggesting membrane perturbation.

Conclusions:

  • A multi-metric framework is proposed for robust evaluation of EV-liposome fusion.
  • Single-particle techniques provide superior insights compared to bulk methods.
  • Understanding fusion-induced physical changes is crucial for optimizing engineered EV formulations for drug delivery.