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Related Concept Videos

Classifying Matter by Composition03:35

Classifying Matter by Composition

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Matter: Pure Substances and Mixtures
According to its composition, the matter can be classified into two broad categories — pure substances and mixtures. 
A pure substance is a form of matter that has a constant composition throughout with uniform properties. For example, any sample of sucrose has the same composition and same physical properties, such as melting point, color, and sweetness, regardless of the source from which it is isolated. 
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Classifying Matter by State02:49

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Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes. Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. Matter is all around us; the air, water, soil, mountains, even our bodies are all examples of matter. Matter is divided into three states — solid, liquid, and gas — that are commonly found on earth. The fourth state of matter, plasma, occurs naturally in the interiors of stars. 
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The pH of urine, the drug's pKa, and the urine flow rate are vital parameters for drug reabsorption and excretion. Urinary pH varies between 4.6 and 8.0 and is influenced by diet, drug intake, and the patient's pathophysiology. It affects a drug's ionization state and reabsorption. For instance, carbohydrate-rich food produces alkaline urine promoting drug excretion, while proteins and certain medications like ascorbic acid lead to acidic urine enhancing reabsorption.
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Elderly individuals encompass a diverse population with varying degrees of age-related physiological changes. Defining the elderly presents challenges, as the geriatric population is often arbitrarily categorized as individuals older than 65. However, many individuals in this group lead active and healthy lives, with an increasing number surpassing 85 years and falling into the older elderly category. Physiological changes associated with aging impact performance capacity and homeostatic...
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Drug Dosing: Obese Patients01:21

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In the United States, obesity is a prominent concern. It is linked to heightened mortality rates due to increased occurrences of conditions such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, and diabetes compared to nonobese individuals. A patient is classified as obese if their actual body weight surpasses the ideal or desirable body weight by 20%, based on Metropolitan Life Insurance Company data. Ideal body weights consider average weights and heights for males and females...
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Feedback Inhibition00:46

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Biochemical reactions are occurring constantly in cells, converting starting substances to different products, usually with the help of enzymes that speed the reactions. Without enzymes, it would take far too long for most reactions to occur to be useful to the cell!
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 8, 2026

Establishing 3-Dimensional Spheroids from Patient-Derived Tumor Samples and Evaluating their Sensitivity to Drugs
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A Classifier for Patient-Derived Colorectal Tumoroid Drug Sensitivity Using Confocal Imaging and Growth Rate

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  • 1Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.

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Patient-derived tumoroids can predict anti-cancer therapy response. New non-destructive imaging classifiers improve accuracy and speed, aiding clinical decisions for colorectal cancer patients.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Biotechnology
  • Medical Diagnostics

Background:

  • Patient-derived tumoroids are valuable for personalized cancer therapy assessment.
  • Limited clinical adoption stems from standardization issues, time constraints, destructive assays, and unclear sensitivity criteria.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate non-destructive classifiers for assessing colorectal tumoroid sensitivity to oxaliplatin and SN-38.
  • To overcome limitations of current tumoroid drug screening methods for clinical application.

Main Methods:

  • Developed two classifiers based on historical patient response data.
  • Utilized longitudinal, label-free confocal imaging for non-destructive analysis.
  • Classifiers correct for growth-rate variations and preserve tumoroid samples.

Main Results:

  • The developed classifiers assess colorectal tumoroid sensitivity to specific chemotherapeutics.
  • The method is non-destructive, allowing for further analyses and growth-rate correction.
  • Classifiers are being evaluated in a prospective clinical trial.

Conclusions:

  • This approach enhances the utility of patient-derived tumoroids for anti-cancer drug screening.
  • It facilitates integration into clinical decision-making and next-generation molecular tumor boards.
  • The method supports personalized treatment strategies informed by functional assays and biomarkers.