Comprehensive risk profiling of occupational harmful factors in the ceramic industry: a case study from Iran

This study aimed to develop a comprehensive risk profile of four key occupational harmful factors-heat stress, inadequate illumination, noise, and respirable dust-within a representative ceramic manufacturing facility in Iran. Standardized instruments and protocols were used to assess four physical harmful factors. Dust concentration was measured via NIOSH 0600 using SKC pumps and nylon cyclones. Noise levels were recorded with a type 2 sound level meter (Extech 407732). Illuminance was measured with a GM1040 lux meter at a height of 0.85 m, and heat stress was evaluated using a wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT) meter. The risk ratio (RR) was calculated for each harmful factor as a single risk index. An integrated risk assessment followed, incorporating RR values, the number of exposed workers, and exposure duration. Prioritization of harmful factors and similar exposure groups (SEGs) was performed using the Pareto principle. The findings revealed that the average levels of noise, illumination, respirable dust, and temperature in the studied ceramic industry were 82.88 dB(A), 114.83 lx, 4.15 mg/m³, and 21.01 °C, respectively. The RR matrix analysis identified respirable dust exposure as a high-risk factor, with a prioritization index exceeding 386%. In comparison, noise was classified as a medium-risk factor, with priority levels ranging from 321 to 386%. In contrast, poor illumination and heat stress were categorized as low-risk factors (integrated risk assessment (IRI) < 321%). Among the SEGs, the packing occupational group exhibited the highest comprehensive risk profile (IRI ≥ 379%) and was consequently identified as the top priority for control interventions in accordance with the Pareto principle. This risk-based framework offers a systematic approach for prioritizing occupational health interventions and optimizing resource allocation in industrial environments. Clinical trial number: This is not applicable.