Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Primary Distribution01:28

Primary Distribution

547
Primary distribution systems deliver electrical power from substations to consumers through various voltage classes, with 15-kV class voltages being predominant among U.S. utilities. Older 2.5- and 5-kV classes are being replaced by 15-kV primaries, while higher 25- to 34.5-kV classes are used in high-density urban areas and rural regions with long feeders. Three-phase, four-wire multigrounded systems are widely employed for balanced power delivery, using the neutral wire as a grounding point.
547
Radioactivity and Nuclear Equations03:18

Radioactivity and Nuclear Equations

27.4K
Nuclear chemistry is the study of reactions that involve changes in nuclear structure. The nucleus of an atom is composed of protons and, except for hydrogen, neutrons. The number of protons in the nucleus is called the atomic number (Z) of the element, and the sum of the number of protons and the number of neutrons is the mass number (A). Atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers are isotopes of the same element.
A nuclide of an element has a specific number of protons and...
27.4K
Radioactive Decay and Radiometric Dating02:48

Radioactive Decay and Radiometric Dating

37.2K
Radioactivity is a spontaneous disintegration of an unstable nuclide and is a random process, as all the nuclei in the sample do not decay simultaneously. The number of disintegrations per unit time is called the activity (A), which is directly proportional to the number of nuclei in the sample. The decay constant (λ) is an average probability of decay per nucleus in unit time.
37.2K
Types of Radioactivity03:23

Types of Radioactivity

19.8K
The most common types of radioactivity are α decay, β decay, γ decay, neutron emission, and electron capture.
Alpha (α) decay is the emission of an α particle from the nucleus. For example, polonium-210 undergoes α decay:
19.8K
Fixed Action Patterns01:06

Fixed Action Patterns

17.7K
A fixed action pattern (FAP) is a specific, hard-wired sequence of behaviors that occurs in response to an external stimulus, called a sign stimulus. The behavior is “fixed” because it is essentially unchangeable—proceeding similarly across individuals of a species every time it occurs.
17.7K
Drug Distribution: Volume of Distribution01:25

Drug Distribution: Volume of Distribution

7.5K
The volume of distribution refers to the theoretical volume necessary to contain the entire amount of an administered drug at the same concentration observed in the blood plasma. The body's intracellular fluid compartment, which makes up two-thirds of the total body water, is contrasted with the extracellular fluid compartment—comprising plasma and interstitial fluid—that accounts for one-third. The volume of distribution can vary depending on the characteristics of the drug.
7.5K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Bispecific antibody engineered extracellular vesicles redirect T cells to prevent postoperative epidural fibrosis.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Immune Checkpoint Blockade Enhances the Abscopal Effect of [<sup>177</sup>Lu]Lu-DOTA-JR11 PRRT in an SSTR2-Heterogeneous Bilateral Tumor Model.

European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging·2026
Same author

18 F-FDG and 68 Ga-FAPI-04 PET/CT Imaging in a Patient With Hepatocellular Carcinoma After 90 Y-SIRT.

Clinical nuclear medicine·2026
Same author

Thyroid Metastasis of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma Detected by Carbonic Anhydrase IX-targeted PET/CT.

Clinical nuclear medicine·2026
Same author

A dual-site responsive fluorescent probe for highly selective detection and imaging of ONOO<sup>-</sup> in living cells, zebrafish, and Arabidopsis thaliana.

Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy·2026
Same author

Apoptotic bodies derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells improve recovery from myocardial infarction in swine.

Autophagy·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 8, 2026

A "Patient-Like" Orthotopic Syngeneic Mouse Model of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Metastasis
05:06

A "Patient-Like" Orthotopic Syngeneic Mouse Model of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Metastasis

Published on: October 24, 2015

12.9K

Radioactive Distribution Patterns of [ 68 Ga]Ga-FAPI-04 in Primary Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

Dongling Zhu1, Yuankai Zhu1, Sijuan Zou1

  • 1Departments of Nuclear Medicine and PET.

Clinical Nuclear Medicine
|February 6, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Gallium-68 Ga-FAPI-04 Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (PET/CT) shows higher uptake at the margins of primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tumors compared to their centers. This pattern highlights potential for FAP-targeted therapies focusing on tumor periphery.

Keywords:
primary hepatocellular carcinomaradioactive distribution pattern

More Related Videos

Generation of Subcutaneous and Intrahepatic Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Xenografts in Immunodeficient Mice
10:35

Generation of Subcutaneous and Intrahepatic Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Xenografts in Immunodeficient Mice

Published on: September 25, 2013

37.2K
Mass Cytometry Analysis of Systemic and Local Immune Responses in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
08:25

Mass Cytometry Analysis of Systemic and Local Immune Responses in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Published on: April 25, 2025

833

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 8, 2026

A "Patient-Like" Orthotopic Syngeneic Mouse Model of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Metastasis
05:06

A "Patient-Like" Orthotopic Syngeneic Mouse Model of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Metastasis

Published on: October 24, 2015

12.9K
Generation of Subcutaneous and Intrahepatic Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Xenografts in Immunodeficient Mice
10:35

Generation of Subcutaneous and Intrahepatic Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Xenografts in Immunodeficient Mice

Published on: September 25, 2013

37.2K
Mass Cytometry Analysis of Systemic and Local Immune Responses in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
08:25

Mass Cytometry Analysis of Systemic and Local Immune Responses in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Published on: April 25, 2025

833

Area of Science:

  • Nuclear Medicine
  • Oncology
  • Radiochemistry

Background:

  • Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a primary liver malignancy with significant global impact.
  • Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) is frequently expressed in the tumor microenvironment of various cancers, including HCC.
  • [68Ga]Ga-FAPI-04 is a positron emission tomography (PET) tracer targeting FAP.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the biodistribution and radioactive uptake patterns of [68Ga]Ga-FAPI-04 in primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
  • To compare the uptake of [68Ga]Ga-FAPI-04 in tumor margins versus tumor centers in HCC patients.

Main Methods:

  • A prospective trial (ChiCTR2000039099) included 23 primary HCC patients with 26 lesions.
  • Patients underwent both [18F]FDG PET/CT and [68Ga]Ga-FAPI-04 PET/CT within one week.
  • Quantitative analysis compared tracer uptake in tumor margins versus central regions.

Main Results:

  • [68Ga]Ga-FAPI-04 demonstrated significantly higher uptake in tumor margins compared to tumor centers (SUVmax, P<0.001; SUVmean, P<0.01).
  • Increasing SUVmax thresholds resulted in FAPI-volume-of-interest concentrating at the periphery and sharply decreasing in central areas.
  • This indicates pronounced central heterogeneity with low tracer uptake in the core of HCC lesions.

Conclusions:

  • [68Ga]Ga-FAPI-04 PET/CT reveals distinct marginal uptake patterns in primary HCC.
  • The strong peripheral uptake supports FAP-targeted approaches for fluorescence-guided surgery and treatment of residual or recurrent disease at the tumor edges.
  • Limited central uptake of [68Ga]Ga-FAPI-04 may pose challenges for FAP-targeted therapies aimed at the entire tumor volume.