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Related Concept Videos

PCR01:32

PCR

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Overview
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A streamline represents the trajectory that is always tangent to the fluid's velocity vector at any given point. The velocity of a fluid particle is always directed along the streamline, ensuring the particle continuously follows the streamline's path. Streamlines are particularly useful for visualizing the overall direction of flow in a fluid system, and they provide an instantaneous representation of the flow's velocity field. In steady flow, where conditions do not change over...
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Bernoulli's equation relates the energy conservation in a fluid moving along a streamline. The equation applies to incompressible and inviscid fluids under steady flow. For such a flow, Newton's second law is applied to a small fluid element, which experiences forces due to pressure differences, gravity, and velocity variations. The force balance leads to the following form of Bernoulli's equation:
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Bernoulli's Equation for Flow Normal to a Streamline01:16

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Bernoulli's equation for flow normal to a streamline explains how pressure varies across curved streamlines due to the outward centrifugal forces induced by the fluid's curvature. The pressure is higher on the inner side of the curve, near the center of curvature, and decreases outward to balance these centrifugal forces.
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Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, or Real-time RT-PCR, is an analytical tool used to determine the expression level of target genes. The method involves converting mRNA to complementary DNA with the help of an enzyme known as reverse transcriptase, followed by the PCR amplification of the cDNA. These two processes can be performed simultaneously in a single tube or separately as a two-step reaction.
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Genetic screens are tools used to identify genes and mutations responsible for phenotypes of interest. Genetic screens help identify individuals or a group of people at risk of developing  genetic diseases and help them with early intervention, targeted therapy, and reproductive options.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 8, 2026

Cultivation Methods of Spirochetes from Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Lato Complex and Relapsing Fever Borrelia
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Streamlining Borrelia burgdorferi cultivation using quantitative PCR screening.

Beat M Greiter1, Semjon Sidorov1, Ester Osuna1

  • 1Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.

Journal of Medical Microbiology
|February 6, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Quantitative PCR (qPCR) can streamline Borrelia burgdorferi cultures for Lyme disease diagnosis. This method identifies cultures likely to yield viable spirochetes, improving diagnostic efficiency.

Keywords:
Borrelia burgdorferiLyme diseaseculturephase-contrast microscopyspirochete

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Phage-Mediated Genetic Manipulation of the Lyme Disease Spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi
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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Molecular Diagnostics

Background:

  • Borrelia burgdorferi culture is the gold standard for Lyme disease confirmation but is rarely used due to low success rates and lengthy protocols.
  • Direct detection of B. burgdorferi is crucial for accurate Lyme disease diagnosis and management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To streamline Borrelia burgdorferi culture by integrating quantitative PCR (qPCR) screening.
  • To identify cultures likely to yield viable spirochetes early in the process.

Main Methods:

  • Blood plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from children with confirmed Lyme disease were cultured for up to 9 weeks.
  • Quantitative PCR (qPCR) targeting the B. burgdorferi flagellin B gene was used to assess DNA presence at week 3.
  • qPCR results were compared to the assay's 95% limit of detection (LOD).

Main Results:

  • Viable spirochetes were observed in 6.3% of plasma cultures and 27.3% of CSF cultures after 9 weeks.
  • Successful cultures showed B. burgdorferi DNA copy numbers above the 95% LOD in week 3 qPCR testing.
  • 100% of successful CSF cultures and 66.7% of successful plasma cultures met this qPCR criterion.

Conclusions:

  • Borrelia burgdorferi culture is challenging and often unsuccessful, despite significant workload.
  • qPCR serves as an effective screening tool to prioritize cultures with a higher likelihood of yielding viable spirochetes.
  • Integrating qPCR screening can streamline the B. burgdorferi culturing process for improved diagnostic efficiency.