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Sound Source Localization Testing in Single-sided Deafness Following Bone Conduction Intervention
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Perceived sound localization abilities in blind individuals.

Prachi Agrawal1, Haley Cihunka2, Joseph Paul Nemargut3

  • 1Lions Vision Research and Rehabilitation Center, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America.

Plos One
|February 6, 2026
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hearing loss significantly impacts blind individuals' spatial localization skills in daily life. Early onset hearing loss and later blindness onset reduce abilities, while echolocation skills improve them.

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Area of Science:

  • Auditory Neuroscience
  • Human Perception
  • Rehabilitation Science

Background:

  • Extensive research exists on sound localization in laboratory settings for blind individuals.
  • Less is known about their spatial hearing in complex, everyday environments.
  • Perceived sound localization is crucial for confidence and engagement in daily tasks like independent travel.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess perceived sound localization abilities in blind individuals during common everyday tasks.
  • To understand the impact of various factors on spatial hearing in real-world scenarios.
  • To identify determinants of confidence and engagement in daily activities for the blind.

Main Methods:

  • Fifty-eight adults with blindness (normal vs. hard of hearing) participated.
  • The Dual Sensory Spatial Localization Questionnaire (DS-SLQ) was used to evaluate perceived localization difficulty.
  • Rasch analysis validated the DS-SLQ, and regression models assessed factors like blindness onset, hearing status, and echolocation skills.

Main Results:

  • The DS-SLQ demonstrated good validity and reliability for blind individuals.
  • Later onset of blindness correlated with lower perceived sound localization.
  • Hearing loss, especially early onset, further reduced abilities, while echolocation skills improved them.
  • Residual vision and hearing aid use did not significantly impact perceived abilities.

Conclusions:

  • Hearing loss and its onset significantly affect perceived sound localization in blind individuals, beyond vision-related factors.
  • These hearing factors also influence the likelihood of an individual becoming an echolocator.
  • Rehabilitation strategies must incorporate hearing status to enhance spatial localization skills in the blind.