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    Human food provisioning for wildlife can unexpectedly increase pathogen virulence, leading to population declines. This occurs because supplemental food magnifies the effects of incomplete immunity, driving pathogen evolution and harming host populations.

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    Area of Science:

    • Ecology
    • Evolutionary Biology
    • Pathogen Dynamics

    Background:

    • Human food provisioning impacts wildlife ecology, immunity, density, and behavior.
    • Provisioning can alter wildlife pathogen transmission and impose selection pressure on pathogens.
    • There is a lack of theoretical understanding regarding the eco-evolutionary consequences of provisioning on host-pathogen dynamics.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop a mathematical model examining the eco-evolutionary dynamics of wildlife pathogens under food provisioning.
    • To investigate how provisioning influences the evolution of pathogen virulence.
    • To understand the implications of provisioning-driven pathogen evolution for host populations and conservation.

    Main Methods:

    • Developed a mathematical model of eco-evolutionary dynamics for a wildlife pathogen.
    • Modeled the influence of provisioning on pathogen virulence evolution.
    • Incorporated host recovery and incomplete immunity, where immunity strength depends on initial infection virulence.

    Main Results:

    • Provisioning selects for higher pathogen virulence, even when it improves individual host fitness.
    • Provisioning magnifies the impact of incomplete host immunity.
    • Higher pathogen virulence driven by provisioning can lead to host population declines.

    Conclusions:

    • Food provisioning can inadvertently select for more virulent pathogens in wildlife.
    • This increased virulence can have detrimental effects on host population health and survival.
    • Findings have significant implications for wildlife conservation strategies involving food provisioning.