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Related Concept Videos

Papillary Dermis01:11

Papillary Dermis

Dermis
The dermis might be considered the "core" of the integumentary system, as distinct from the epidermis and hypodermis. It contains blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and other structures, such as hair follicles and sweat glands. The dermis is made of two layers of connective tissue that comprise an interconnected mesh of elastin and collagenous fibers, produced by fibroblasts.
Papillary Layer
The papillary layer is made of loose, areolar connective tissue, which means the collagen and...
Skin Diseases and Disorders01:23

Skin Diseases and Disorders

Skin is the first line of defense and encounters a variety of microbes. Some pathogenic strains are often the cause of a broad range of infections of the skin and other body systems. These conditions can affect people of all ages and may have different causes, including genetic factors, infections, autoimmune reactions, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices.
Gram-positive Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. are responsible for many of the most common skin infections. However, many...
Skin Cancer01:30

Skin Cancer

Skin cancer is a type of cancer that occurs when there is an abnormal growth of skin cells, usually triggered by damage to the DNA within the skin cells. It is primarily caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources like tanning beds. Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide, and its incidence continues to rise.
Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC): BCC is the most common type of skin cancer, accounting for about 80% of cases. It typically develops in...
Reticular Dermis01:15

Reticular Dermis

The papillary and reticular dermis are the two layers of the dermis. They are made of connective tissue with fibers of collagen extending from one to the other, making the border between the two somewhat indistinct. The dermal papillae extending into the epidermis belong to the papillary layer, whereas the dense collagen fiber bundles below belong to the reticular layer.
Reticular Layer
Underlying the papillary layer is the much thicker reticular layer, composed of dense, irregular connective...
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Cytolytic Reactions01:01

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Cytolytic Reactions

Type II hypersensitivity involves IgG and IgM antibodies targeting cell surface antigens, leading to cell destruction. This can occur through complement activation, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), or acting as opsonins for phagocytosis. When excessive, these reactions cause significant tissue damage.Drug-induced hemolytic anemia is a common example, where drugs like penicillin or cephalosporins bind to red blood cells, forming drug-protein complexes. These complexes...
Staphylococcal Skin Infections01:29

Staphylococcal Skin Infections

Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive coccus that resides harmlessly on the skin and mucous membranes of healthy individuals. When the skin barrier is breached, it can shift from a commensal to an opportunistic pathogen. This transition is facilitated by surface adhesins, such as clumping factor B and S. aureus surface protein G (SasG), which bind to structural proteins, including loricrin and cytokeratin, in the damaged epidermis. Protein A, another key factor, binds the Fc region of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Demonstration of Cutaneous Allodynia in Association with Chronic Pelvic Pain
06:44

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Cutaneous Histiocytoses.

Karen L Rech1, Angela M Collie1

  • 1Division of Hematopathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, 200 First Street SW, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.

Surgical Pathology Clinics
|February 6, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Cutaneous histiocytoses encompass various skin disorders. Diagnosis requires immunohistochemistry and clinical correlation, with molecular analysis guiding targeted therapies for these histiocytic neoplasms.

Keywords:
ALK-positive histiocytosisCutaneous histiocytosisErdheim-Chester diseaseIndeterminate cell histiocytosisLangerhans cell histiocytosisRosai-Dorfman diseaseXanthogranuloma

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatopathology
  • Histiocytic Disorders
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Cutaneous histiocytoses represent a diverse group of disorders affecting the skin.
  • These conditions range from benign to malignant neoplasms.
  • Accurate classification is crucial for appropriate management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the main categories of cutaneous histiocytoses.
  • To detail diagnostic immunohistochemical markers and molecular analyses.
  • To emphasize the importance of integrating histologic and clinical findings.

Main Methods:

  • Review of major cutaneous histiocytoses categories.
  • Description of essential immunohistochemical markers (CD68/CD163, S100, CD1a, langerin, BRAF V600E).
  • Highlighting the role of morphologic assessment and molecular genetic analysis.

Main Results:

  • Key histiocytoses include Langerhans cell histiocytosis, xanthogranuloma, Erdheim-Chester disease, Rosai-Dorfman disease, and others.
  • A diagnostic panel combining immunohistochemistry and morphology is proposed.
  • Identification of BRAF V600E mutations and MAPK pathway analysis are relevant.

Conclusions:

  • Histologic diagnosis relies on a combination of morphology and a specific immunohistochemical panel.
  • Clinical correlation is essential due to potential systemic involvement.
  • Molecular analysis offers targeted therapeutic options for specific histiocytic neoplasms.